EXAM 6 ANS + endocrine

endocrine system…

is closest system working with ner sys

nerv sys vs endocrine sys table write out (5)

** NER SYS USES ACTION POTENTIALS AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS

** ENDO SYS USES HOROMONES RELEASED INTO BLOOD!

**ner sys has axons releases neurotransmitters

**endocrine sys releases hormones in blood cuz blood present in every part of body, responses are more specific + far effect

** endocrine response slower but longer lasting than nervous system

endocrinology

Study of hormones and

endocrine organs

FUNC OF ENDOCRINE SYS**

Reproduction

• Growth and development

• Maintenance of

electrolyte (ions w/ pos + neg charge) , water, and

nutrient balance of blood

• maintains cellular

metabolism and energy

balance

• may help Mobilization of body

defenses

hormones

long distance chemicals typically released by endocrine sys and travel in blood

• typically released in blood from endocrine orders - responses spread everywhere!

Exocrine glands

• group of cells that release secretions outside

endocrine glands

• release secretions inside the body in the blood

horomones can be made up of what

• amino acid /prots - (amino acid based hormones

• lipids - steroids

target cells

• specific cells targeted by a specific hormones. target cells are affected by specific hormone(s).

• hormones do not act on all body cells, they only act on cells that are targeted for those specific hormones

• (when hormones act on target cells they may change the plasma memb permeability of the target cell, cause action potents to occur, cause repolarisaition , may stim produ of specific prots/enzymes, may activate/deactive prots, may induce secretory act, may stim mitosis

cuz hormones enter the blood supply, will they affect all the cells of the body?

no - they will only affect cellls that are targeted by specific hormones

antagonists **

one or more hormones oppose(s) action of

another hormone

Example: insulin and glucagon

major endocrine organs **

• Pituitary gland (big)

• Thyroid gland (big)

• Parathyroid glands (big)

• Adrenal glands (big) - AKA SUPRARENALS ***

• Pineal gland - IN EPITHALMUS

• Thymus gland

• Pancreas

• Gonads (ovaries and testes)

• Hypothalamus

hypothalamus **

• part of diencephalon

• pituitary gland (AKA HYPOPHYSIS) attached to hypothalamus thru a stalk called infundibulum

• hypothalamus produces 2 hormones and they are stored + released by posterior pituits

• 2 specialised cells in hypothalamus that make each make a type of hormone and push towards posterior pituitary for store/release **

• paraventricular cells(/neurons ) of hypothala - produce oxytocin that acts on uterus (smooth muscles)i and causes contractions of uterus Paraoxy

• supraoptic cells(/neurons) of hypothala- produces ADH (antidiuretic hormone) that tells kidneys not to make pee (+maintain BP) SUPRAADH

• - acts on kidney that makes pee + maintain BP + filter blood

• ADH + OXYTOCIN ARE PROTS/AMINO ACIDS HORMONES

pituitary gland of hypothalamus **!!

• pituitary gland AKA HYPOPHYSIS**

• pituitary gland secretes/produces, releases, or stores 8 MAJOR HORMONES

• - has 2 lobes:

• anterior pituitary AKA ADENOHYPOPHYSIS **

  • anterior pituitary produces + RELEASES 6 HORMONES! +* (mostly peptides/AA)

Growth hormone (GH) - directly act on body cells when released

– Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (tropic) acts on thyroid gland

—>DO NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT BODY CELLS they first affect some glands that then produce effects

– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (tropic) - acts on adrenal gland DO NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT BODY CELLS they first affect some glands that then produce effects

– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (tropic) - DO NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT BODY CELLS they first affect some glands that then produce effects

→ act on ovaries + testes

– Luteinizing hormone (LH) (tropic) DO NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT BODY CELLS they first affect some glands that then produce effects

→ act on ovaries + testes

• FSH + LH are gonadal hormones cuz act on gonads ( male testes + female ovaries )

  – Prolactin (PRL) - directly act on body cells when released

• posterior pituitary AKA NEUROHYPOPHYSIS **

• POSTERIOR PITUIT PRODUCES 0/NO HORMONES!

• ONLY STORES + RELEASES 2 HORMONES - ADH + OXYTOCIN -ACTUALLY MADE BY HYPOTHALAMUS!

• hypothalamus produces 2 hormones and they are stored + released by posterior pituits

• ANTERIOR + POSTERIOR PITUIT ARE UNDER CONTROL OF HYPOTHALAMUS! - when hypothalamus tells ant pituit/post pituit to stop release/ start release hormones, they stop!

diabetes insipidus **

• disease/deficiency in which ADH IS NOT PRODUCED DUE TO CANCER OF HYPOTHALA/ cancer of post pituit

• MAKES U KEEP PEEING - SO YOU LOSE WATER + ELECTROLYTES SO BP CAN DROP!

tropic

don’t directly affect body cells!

growth hormone *GH)

AKA SOMATOTROPIN HORMONE***

• causes growth

• when released, acts on skeletal muscle cells + bones - cause em to enlarge + growth

• - directly act on body cells when released

• produced by anterior pituit

gigantism **

• hypersecretion of growth hormones during childhood that causes kids to be giant

acromegaly **

• hypersecretion of growth hormone/somatotropin in adults that causes enlargement of hands + feet (+face)

dwarfism **

• hyposecretion of GH in childhood causes height to be rlly short

(hyposecretion of GH in adults usually no issue)

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

• produced by anterior pituit

• acts on thyroid gland, which then produces its own hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

• produced by anterior pituit

• acts on adrenal gland and then adrenal gland will produce its hormones

gonadal / gonadotropin hormones **

FSH (follicle stimulating hor) + LH (luteinizing hormone)

-produced by anterior pituit + act on female ovaries + male testes

FSH - follicle stim hor

• when FSH released in females it acts on female ovaries it causes development /production of eggs/ ova

• when FSH released in males it acts on male testes it causes development /production of sperm

luteinizing hor

• when release acts on testes + causes release of testosterone

• when release acts on female ovaries + causes release of estrogen + progesterone

prolactin

• produce by ant pituit

• **directly affects breasts in females after childbirth + causes release of milk

• in males, func not known

thyroid gland **

• is in neck

• has right + left lobes, connected by isthmus

• PRODUCE 2 IMP HORS:

• #- THYROID HORMONE

• - cells of thyroid gland that produce thyroid hor are called follicular cells!

• thyfoll

• # CALCITONIN

• paracalc

• cells of thyroid gland that produce calcitonin called parafollicular cells!

• **func: calcitonin reduce / decs blood calcium levels BY ACT ON OSTEOBLASTS - tells osteob to build new bones, when new bones built, the extra calc from. blood stored in bones to reducre blood calc lvls

• calcitdeccalc

parathyroid glands **

• on back of thyroid glands

• produce PTH (parathyroid hor)

• func of PTH: increases blood calcium levels! (hypercalcemic)

• PTH acts on osteoCLASTS to increase blood calcium levels

• when PTH acts on osteoclasts, osteroclasts break bones + release calcium from the bones, which raise blood calc

pthinccalc

thyroid hormone (TH)

• func: thyroid hor works closely tgt w/ growth hor work tgt to CAUSE YOUR GROWTH! - if deficient in either one, your growth can be retarded!

• help maintain body weight, maintain/ BMR, keep an eye on caloric intake of body , maintain heat produ, calorigenic effect: maintain most acts of cell, BP maintain

• —> you need both thyr + growth hor for good growth cuz they work closely tgt

• need enough iodine in diet to make thyroid hormones; if not enough iodine in diet, thyroid gland will not produce thyr hors!

2 forms of TH (both are amino acid / prot hors)

• T4 (thyroxine) - is active form of thyroid hor made of 2 tyrosine AA’s + 4 iodine!

• T3 (triiodothyronine) - 2 tyrosine + 3 iodines!

goiter

inflam of thyroid gland due to lack of iodine in diet

cretinism **

• disease Caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine in cgildgood

• Results in dwarfism during childhood

myxedema

• Caused by hypothyroidism (decreased produce of TH) in adults

  • Results in physical and mental sluggishness

Graves’ disease ** AKA HYPERTHYROIDISM

disease caused by hyperthyroidism/ Hypersecretion of TH

• Results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid

heartbeat, weight loss, and exophthalmos (bulging of eye cuz lose face fat), tremors, BP low

calcitonin + Pth are

antagonists

adrenal glands

• AKA adrenals or suprarenals

• adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hor acts on adrenal gland then adrenal gland produces hors

• sit on top of kidney

• have 2 regions:

• outer region = adrenal cortex

• inner region = adrenal medulla

in adrenal cortex, we have 3 subregions/zones that each produce different hors

• outer to inner:

• zona glomerulosa produce hors that control minerals/electrolytes - mineralocorticoids (collective name) , most imp is aldosterone

• zona fasciculata - produce collective hors known as glucocorticoids - most imp is cortisol/cortisone

• zona reticularis - produce sex hormones

mineralocorticoids

• most imp is aldosterone

• produ by zona glomerulosa

• acts on kidneys + does same func as ADH - stops water + electrolytes going out to maintain BP

cortisol/cortisone which are glucocorticoids

• produced by zona fasciculata

• these hors are anti- inflam

• they inc blood sugar lvls

• aka stress hormones

sex hors

produced by zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

• they act on testes + ovaries

adrenal medulla

• PRODUCE CATECHOLAMINES (collective name of these 2 AA hors):

• epinephrine (adrenaline)

• norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

• they are fight or flight hors that released when sympathethic ner sys activated

• func: inc BP, HR inc, pupils dilate, resp passages open

parasympathetic ner sys has what effect on dig sys

• dig sys activity goes up

adrenal gland disorders

addisons disease **

Hyperaldosteronism

Cushing’s syndrome

Masculinization

addisons disease **

• due to hyposecretion of all 3 hors produ by adrenal cortex (glucocorticoid, mineralcorticoids, sex hors)

• golden bronzy skin, muscle weakness, tired/burnout, more prone to infection cuz cortisol anti-inflam - if not produced, more prone to infect

Hyperaldosteronism

due to overproduction of aldosterone in zona glomerulosa

• too much aldosterone, wont pee, will hold water + electrolytes, BP goes up, swelling cuz lot of water

Cushing’s syndrome

due to cancer of zona fasciculata that produce cortisol/cortisone that are anti-inflam

parient produce lots of gluc, swell face - moon face, bufallo hump, high BP, increased sugar lvls, depression

pineal gland

• small gland in epithalamus that produce melatonin

• controls sleep/wake cycle

PANCREAS **

• are triangular gland behind stomach

• act as endocrine + exocrine glands - produce hors + other enzymes

• cells of pancreas that produce (endocrine) hors are pancreatic islets/islets of langerhans

• —>2 cells of pancreatic islets each produce hors:

• —> alpha cells produce glucagon hor that is hyperglycemic - inc blood sugar

• alphagluc

• —→ beta cells produce insulin that lowers blood sugar - it is hypoglycemic

• betin

diabetes mellitus **

• imbalance associated with sugars

• 2 types:

• Hyposecretion of insulin: Type 1 (juvenile / childhood diab) - insulin not produced by beta cells so need to take insulin

  – Hypoactivity of insulin: Type 2 - insulin there but does not affect body cells

3 signs of diabetes mellitus 3P’s ! **

• polyuria: excessive urination

• polydipsia: excessive thirst so drink a lot

• polyphagia - excessive eating

FSH

act on ovaries + cause egg production

act on testes + cause sperm production

luteinizing hor

• act on male testes + cause produ of testosterone

• testosterone cause puberty, develop male sexual hair, changes voice, develop beard

• act on female ovaries + cause produ of estrogen + progesterone

• estrogen + progesterone control ovulation, menstruation, develop of human breasts!

AUTONOMIC NER SYS

AKA VISCERAL MOTOR NER SYS AKA involuntary, automatic

• part of ner sys that is inc or dec activities of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands , visceras , dig sys

• can only inc or dec these things cuz those things dont need brain signals - they automatic!

• 2 parts:

• sympathetic AKA - incs activitiy of these organs

• parasympathetic AKA - decs activity of these organs

• supplies automatic organs

neurons that make up autonomic ner sys called

automatic/autonomic neurons!

2 neurons in autonomic ner sys

• all other ner sys have 1!

• 1st neuron = pre ganglionic neuron + 2nd neuron = post ganglionic neuron

• round circle = ganglion

• cell body + dendrites of 1st (preganglionic) neuron is in brain or spinal cord

• axon of 1st neuron stops in ganglia

• cell body + dendrites of 2nd neuron (postganglionic) is in ganglia

• in between 1st (preganglionic) + 2nd (postganglionic) neurons is a ganglia

• 1st neuron leaves brain + spinal cord + its axons release neurotransmitter on the cell body of 2nd neuron + neurotransmit moves on to next!

we call it ganglia cuz it has cell bodies of 2nd neuron, (which is in PNS)

how info conveyed in ANS

• preganglionic will have all info from brain + spinal cord, so will convey it into ganglia, from ganglia, postganglionic neuron will take info that will go to organs

func preganglionic neuron

• has the info from brain + spinal cord

func post ganglionic neuron

• neuron that will convey info to organs/visceras

neurons communicate through

release neurotransmitters

ganglion / ganglia

cell bodies + dendrites in PNS (outside brain + spinal cord)

neurons of ANS come out from where

from the brain / spinal cord

parasympathetic NS **

• AKA functional name : rest and digest NS AKA origin/locational name : CRANIOSACRAL NS! ***

• slows down activities of involunt organs

• IN PARASYMP NS THE cell bodies of the 1ST / PREGANGLIONIC NEURON COMES OUT FROM BRAIN/cranium OR FROM THE sacral PART OF SPINAL CORD **

• ganglia is closer to organs

• so preganglionic neuron will be long

• → postganglionic neuron will be short

• parasympathetic ns + neurons releases acetylcholine - an inhibitory neurotransmitter - slowing down activities!

• func: slow down activities of body, dig sys activitiy, HR, BP etc.

how many autonomic ns active at one time

either parasympath or sympath

only 1 NS active at one time!

sympathetic NS

• FUNC NAME: fight or flight NS locational /origin name : thoracolumbar NS!

• 1st neurons (preganglionic) arise from / have their cell bodies in the thoracic or lumbar part of spinal cord

• ganglia is closer to spinal cord

• PREGANGLIONIC NEURON IS SHORT

• POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON IS LONG!

• name of neurotransmitter released by neurons here is epinephrine/adrenaline/norepinephrine

• these neurotransmitters increase the activity of involunt organs HR inc, resp inc etc.