APUSH - Period 8 part 2 IDs

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court case that ruled separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Massive Resistance

A strategy by white Southerners to resist integration following the Brown decision.

Southern Manifesto

A document signed by southern politicians opposing integration.

Citizen Councils

Organizations in the South that promoted segregation and opposed the civil rights movement.

Prince Edward County, Virginia

Location of a significant school closure in response to desegregation orders.

Little Rock Nine

Group of nine African American students who enrolled at Little Rock Central High School.

self-purification

A method used in nonviolent protests to prepare participants for civil disobedience.

Emmett Till

African American teen whose lynching in 1955 galvanized the civil rights movement.

Lyndon Johnson’s talents

Known for his legislative skills and ability to rally support for Civil Rights initiatives.

Barry Goldwater

Republican candidate in 1964 known for his conservative views.

Modern conservative movement in politics

A political movement that emerged in response to liberal policies in the 1960s.

Great Society

Lyndon Johnson’s domestic agenda aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

1964 Economic Opportunity Act

Legislation aimed at combating poverty through various social programs.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

War on Poverty

A set of initiatives launched by President Johnson to reduce poverty.

VISTA

Volunteers in Service to America - a national service program.

Conservatives v. Liberals in 1960s

Political conflict between those favoring traditional values and those advocating progressive reforms.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation aimed at preventing racial discrimination in voting.

Immigration Act of 1965

Act that ended discriminatory quotas and aimed to reunify immigrant families.

Medicare

A federal program that provides health care for the elderly.

Medicaid

A program that provides health care for low-income individuals and families.

LBJ’s vision of freedom and equality

A vision focused on civil rights and economic opportunity for all citizens.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Prominent leader of the civil rights movement known for his nonviolent protests.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A year-long protest against racial segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference - an organization founded to coordinate civil rights activities.

Sit-ins

A form of protest in which participants occupy a space and refuse to leave.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - an organization formed to increase student involvement in the civil rights movement.

Freedom Riders

Civil rights activists who rode interstate buses in the South to challenge segregation.

Birmingham Campaign

A strategic effort led by civil rights activists to challenge segregation in Birmingham, Alabama.

Medgar Evers

Civil rights activist who was assassinated in Mississippi.

Selma March

A series of marches from Selma to Montgomery advocating for voting rights.

Watts Riots

Violence that erupted in 1965 in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, highlighting urban racial tensions.

Kerner Commission

A commission established to investigate the causes of the riots in the 1960s.

Black power

A political movement that sought to empower African Americans.

Black nationalism

An ideology that promotes self-determination and pride among black people.

Malcolm X

Civil rights leader known for advocating for black empowerment and his critique of nonviolent protest.

Nation of Islam

A religious and political movement that advocates for African American empowerment and self-sufficiency.

Stokely Carmichael

Civil rights activist known for coining the phrase 'Black Power'.

Huey Newton

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, known for promoting self-defense for African Americans.

Eldridge Cleaver

Black Panther leader known for his writings and activism.

Bobby Seale

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party; activist for black rights.

Black Panthers

A revolutionary socialist organization that fought for civil rights and against police brutality.

Difference in civil rights from 1950-1964 to 1964-1970

Shift from legal challenges to broader movements, including radical perspectives and community organizing.

Changing of freedom movement

Evolution from integrationist goals to more radical approaches emphasizing empowerment.

Legacy of containment

U.S. foreign policy approach aimed at preventing the spread of communism.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of North Vietnam and a key figure in the Vietnam War.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Legislation that allowed for military action in Vietnam based on alleged attacks.

Vietcong

Guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam who opposed U.S. presence.

Tet Offensive

A major campaign during the Vietnam War that surprised U.S. forces in 1968.

Anti-War Movement

A coalition of various groups opposing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

A student activism organization focused on civil rights and anti-war efforts.

Free Speech Movement

A student-led protest in the 1960s advocating for free speech on college campuses.

Port Huron statement

A manifesto written by SDS that articulated their vision for a more democratic society.

Draft Protest

Demonstrations against the military draft during the Vietnam War.

Counterculture

A cultural movement in the 1960s that rejected traditional societal norms.

1868 Democratic National Convention

A significant political event that highlighted divisions within the Democratic Party.

Eugene McCarthy

Democratic senator who opposed the Vietnam War and ran for president.

Robert F. Kennedy

Political leader and advocate for civil rights who was assassinated in 1968.

Hubert Humphrey

Vice President under Lyndon Johnson and presidential candidate in 1968.

Richard Nixon

Republican candidate who won the presidency in 1968, known for his Vietnamization policy.

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama known for his pro-segregation stance and third-party presidential campaigns.

American Independent Party

A political party founded by George Wallace to promote segregationist policies.

Vietnamization

Nixon's strategy to withdraw U.S. troops and transfer the responsibility to South Vietnamese forces.

My Lai Massacre

Mass killing of civilians by U.S. troops in Vietnam that sparked outrage.

Kent State Massacre

The killing of four students by National Guard troops during an anti-war protest.

Pentagon Papers

Classified documents that revealed government deception in the Vietnam War.

New Left

A political movement in the 1960s that sought to address issues beyond traditional leftist concerns.

“Death and Life of Great American Cities”

A book by Jane Jacobs that critiques urban planning practices.