the endocrine system

4 anterior pituitary gland hormones

prolactin-promotes milk in boobs

growth hormone- cell growth/protein synthesis/ metabolism

thyroid stimulating hormone- targets thyroid to make hormones to stimulate metabolic rate and energy use

adrenocorticotropic hormone- targets adrenal gland to release hormones from adrenal cortex

posterior pituitary gland hormones

ADH antidiretich hormone aka Vasopressin- targets kidneys, makes u hold onto water, maintains blood pressure

OXYTOCIN- stimulates birth contractions and milk ejection, is also the love hormone, goes to the uterus and boobs

Hormones

chemical messengers produced by the endocrine systems glands and travel through the blood stream

Receptors

Hormones know where to travel because they have matching receptors

hypothalamus hormone function

controls the endocrine system , produces messengers called releasing hormones that travel to the pituitary gland which then releases its own hormones into the bloodstream, then they travel to other glands

hypothalamus releasing hormones

GRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone): Controls sexual development and reproductive function.- gonads

CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone): Regulates the body's response to physical and emotional stress. -corticotropic -Endocrine Gland Target: The adrenal glands to release cortisol, which controls metabolism and immune response.

TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone): Stimulates the pituitary gland to regulate metabolism, energy balance, and growth.- thyroid

thyroid gland hormones

Thyroxine T4 and triidothonine T3 - controls temperature, oxygen consumption, increasing metabolic rate

Calcatonin-A hormone that helps lower blood calcium level levels by promoting calcium storage in bones and decreasing calcium release from bone tissue

parathyroid

located directly on the back of the thyroid and is divided into four glands that release the parathyroid hormone which raises calcium levels when they are too low

adrenal gland cortex hormones

The adrenal cortex releases

cortisol (stress) which elevates blood glucose levels,

aldosterone which is a lipid hormone/ steroid and targets kidneys and tells the to retain sodium and water

androgens = male sex hormone/ testosterone

adrenal medula(middle) hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine (twin sisters)

pineal gland hormones

releases melatonin

pancreas hormones

inside the islets of langerhans there are two types of cells

ALPHA cells- releases glucagon which raises blood sugar glucose when glucose is too low

BETA cells- produce insulin which lowers blood glucose levels by putting the glucose in the right place

type one diabetes

Autoimmune where the immune system attacks the pancreas

type two diabetes

life style based and it’s because of diet and excercise, has insulin resistance meaning the body's cells don't respond to insulin

element

what molecules are made of and can’t be broken down into any other substance

feedback loops

negative = stabilizes systems by counteracting changes, maintaining balance, like sweating to cool down (When blood calcium drops, your parathyroid glands release PTH to raise it.)

positive - Positive feedback accelerates a process, continually magnifying the initial stimulus.(When a baby nurses, the physical stimulation sends signals to the mother's brain to release prolactin.)

chemical classifications

Peptide & Protein Hormones

• Structure: Amino acid chains.

• Solubility: Water-soluble (hydrophilic).

• Mechanism: Bind surface cell receptors.

• Examples: Insulin, glucagon, GH, oxytocin.

2. Steroid Hormones

• Structure: Derived from cholesterol.

• Solubility: Lipid-soluble (lipophilic).

• Mechanism: Cross membrane to intracellular receptors.

• Examples: Cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone.

3. Amine Hormones

• Structure: Modified single amino acids (tyrosine/tryptophan).

• Solubility: Varies by type.

• Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4): Lipid-soluble; intracellular receptors.

• Catecholamines (Epi/Norepi): Water-soluble; surface receptors.

hypothyroid vs hyperthyroid

hypothyroid = low metabolic rate which leads to low energy

hyperthyroid- fast metabolic rate which means everything is too fast like a fast heartbeat or hair growing and dying fast