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what is immunisation?
means programming the immune system so that the body can respond rapidly to infecting micro-organisms. In other words is developing immunity (this can occur naturally or artificially)
what is vaccination?
is the artificial introduction of antigens of pathogenic organisms so that the ability to produce the appropriate antibodies is acquired without the person having to suffer from the disease. As the antigens introduced to produce antibody mediated immunity to a pathogen without causing disease ( this is the process of gearing a vaccine, usually leading to an immune response)
what is in a vaccine?
active ingredient
the antigen that causes the immune response
Adjuvants
substances that assist the immune response to the antigen
Stabilisers and preservatives
stop the vaccine from deteriorating
Antiobiotics
Prevent bacterial contamination during vaccine manufacture (only present in tiny amounts)
Saline solution
to dissolve everything. This is just added prior to the infection
what is the definition of vaccine?
is the antigen preparation used in artificial immunisation
why is there different types of vaccines?
as the antigenic site on the pathogen is processed in different ways so it doesn’t cause disease, but still provokes antibody mediated immunity- dependant on pathogen involved
what are the 4 different types of vaccines
subunit, live attenuated, inactivated (killed), toxoid
what is live attenuated vaccines?
it is a vaccine that is made from live pathogens that are recognised by the immune system but are too weak to cause disease
living attenuated micro-organisms are micro-organisms of reduced…
virulence, meaning they have a reduced ability to produce disease symptoms. therfore the immunised person doesn’t contract the diease but manufactures antibodies against the antigen.
what are some viruses and bacterium that are made from live attenuated vaccines?
polio (V)
tuberculosis (B)
Rubella (V)
Measles (V)
Mumps (V)
how are the organisms weakened for a live attenuated vaccine?
the pathogen is grown in a series of chick embryos in eggs. The pathogen replicates in one embryo, then is transferred to the next in series. As the series progresses, the pathogen becomes more adapted to chicken cells ad less adapted to human cells. By the end of the series, the pathogen is too weak to infect human cells but the human immune system can recognise it. This takes uo to 10 years to be weekend
what are inactivated (killed vaccines)
they contain dead microorganisms/ pathogens that can’t reproduce but still can be recognised by the immune system. They produce an immunity that is shorter lasting that immunisation using live attenuated vaccines
how are killed/ inactivated vaccines produced?
the pathogens are killed by heat or chemicals, and they are shorter lasting by can’t ever revert back and cause disease
what are some viruses that inactivated vaccines vaccinate for?
influenza
whooping cough
rabies
polio
cholera
When are toxoid vaccines produced/ what for?
for diseases where the pathogen causes disease by producing a toxin. Therefore it is not necessary to use bacteria for immunisation
how does the toxoid vaccine work?
the toxins produced by bacteria can be inactivated by toxins called toxoids. Therefore the antigenic site is still present but the toxin no longer works
what is an example of a toxoid vaccine?
the tutus bacterium produces a neurotoxin that paralyses muscles, causing pain and death. Th vaccine has the antigenic sites and the toxins are inactivated and called toxoids
what are subunit or conjugate vaccines?
instead of using whole dead or attunated microorganisms, a fragment of the organism can be used to provoke and immune response.
How can a subunit/ conjugate vaccine be produced?
by isolating the antigenic protein and just using that
using recombinant DNA technology to inset the antigenic protein onto a harmless virus, or cells in culture so antigen is preserved
what viruses can be immunised against with a subunit/ conjugate vaccine?
HPV
Hepatits B
some influenza viruses