Cell Anatomy

Cytoskeleton

provides support for organelles, are fibrous and maintains the shape of the cell

Robert Hooke

observed cork and coined the term “cell” in 1665

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

was the first person to describe living cells through a microscope in 1675

Compound Light Microscope

a series of lenses that magnify objects

Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow

authored the cell theory

Scanning Electron Microscope

ion coated surface that shows a 3D picture of the object

Transmission Electron Microscope

stained with metal ions

Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscope

creates a 3D surface image of a “living cell”

Prokaryotic

cells that have no membrane-bound nucleus (e.g. bacteria); most are single cells

Eukaryotic

have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus; either single-celled or multicellular

Lynn Marguli

who suggested that eukaryotes come from prokaryotes?

Plasma Membrane

a phospholipid bilayer membrane that acts gateway for the passage of substances in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

jelly-like substance that surrounds the organelles and makes up 1/2 of the volume of the cell

Nucleus

is the command center of the cell; contains DNA and the nucleolus

Ribosomes

are the protein synthesis factories; are composed of RNA and is controlled by DNA

Mitochondria

is the powerhouse of the cell and is the site of cellular respiration; contains cristae

Endoplasmic Reticulum

bilayer of lipids used for transport within the cells

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

does not have ribosomes attached to it and is known to produce lipids

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

has ribosomes attached to it and is known for protein synthesis and lipid transport

Golgi Apparatus

is a series of unflattened closely stacked membranous sacs near the nucleus that coats enzymes; packaging factory

Centrioles

are only found in animal cells and they aid in cell division

Lysosomes

are small “suicide sacs” filled with digestive enzyme used to break down molecules within the cell

Vacuoles

storage vessels of cells

Contractile Vacuole

is a specialized vacuole to remove excess water from unicellular aquatic organisms

Chloroplasts

are only found in plant cells; they transform light energy into stored energy and are filled with chlorophyll (green pigment)

Grana

stacked membranous sacs

Stroma

the field that surrounds grana

Cell Walls

are only found in plant cells; are protective layers pf thick, dead cellulose

Cytoskeleton

assists organelles to move from one place to another

Cilia

is short, numerous, ans id hairlike; helps cells move in a wave-like beat

Flagella

is longer, and a cell has one or two of these to help them move (e.g. the tail of a sperm)