anatomy 260 - week 1 review

Flashcards covering key concepts from the Introduction to Human Anatomy lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body.

Physiology

The study of body function.

Anatomical terminology

Standardized nomenclature used to describe body parts, based on ancient Greek or Latin.

Gross anatomy

The study of large structures and features of the body visible to the naked eye.

Microscopic anatomy (histology)

The study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification.

Surface anatomy

The study of external features that can be studied without dissection.

Developmental anatomy

The study of the structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

Embryology

The study of the development of an embryo.

Pathological anatomy (pathology)

The study of structural changes in tissues and organs caused by disease.

Radiographic anatomy

The study of anatomy through imaging techniques like X-rays.

Functional morphology

The study of the function of body parts as they relate to their structure.

Chemical level

The lowest level of structural organization; atoms form molecules.

Cellular level

The level of organization where cells and their functional subunits exist.

Tissue level

A group of cells performing a common function.

Organ level

A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue.

Organ system

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

Organismal level

The highest level of organization where all simpler levels work together.

Systemic anatomy

The study of anatomy by organ systems.

Regional anatomy

The study of anatomy by specific regions of the body.

Integumentary System

The system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues.

Skeletal System

The system that protects and supports body organs, provides structure for muscles, and stores minerals.

Muscular System

The system that allows manipulation of the environment and generates heat.

Nervous System

The system that acts as a fast-acting control system, responding to internal and external changes.

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones regulating growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.

Cardiovascular System

The system that transports blood, carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes.

Lymphatic System

The system that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and disposes of debris.

Respiratory System

The system that keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

The system that breaks down food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible food as feces.

Urinary System

The system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

Reproductive Systems

Systems that produce offspring, with male and female components.

Anatomical position

A standard reference point where a person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward.

Directional terminology

Standardized terms used to describe the positions of structures in anatomical position.

Anterior/Posterior

Terms that describe the front and back of the body.

Ventral/Dorsal

Terms that describe the belly side and back side of the body.

Lateral/Medial/Median

Terms that describe parts away from and close to the midline of the body.

Superior/Inferior

Terms that describe what is above and below in relation to the body.

Proximal/Distal

Terms that describe closeness or distance from the trunk of the body.

Cephalic/Caudal

Terms that refer to the head and tail end of the body.

Coronal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Median plane

A vertical plane that lies in the midline of the body.

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Body cavities

Spaces within the body that contain organs.

Dorsal body cavity

The cavity that holds the cranial and vertebral cavities.

Ventral body cavity

The cavity that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Thoracic cavity

The ventral cavity divided into three parts, including the pleural cavities and mediastinum.

Abdominopelvic cavity

A ventral cavity divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Microscopy

The use of a microscope to examine small structures.

Light microscopy

Uses light beams to illuminate tissues.

Electron microscopy

Uses beams of electrons for higher magnification.

Tissue preparation for microscopy

Involves fixing, sectioning, and staining specimens.

X-ray

An imaging technique used to visualize bones and dense structures.

CT scan

A technique that takes successive X-rays to create detailed images.

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging, which produces high-quality images of soft tissues.

Cells

The smallest living units in our bodies.

Organelles

Specialized structures within cells that perform distinct functions.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

Plasma membrane

The boundary that defines the extent of a cell.

Cytoplasm

The internal environment of the cell.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA.

Endocytosis

The process by which particles enter cells.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis known as 'cell eating'.

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis known as 'cell drinking'.

Cytoplasm

The substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus.

Ribosomes

Organelles that synthesize proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

An organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle that sorts and packages proteins for secretion.

Lysosomes

Organelles that digest unwanted substances.

Mitochondria

Organelles that generate energy for the cell.

Cytoskeleton

An elaborate network of rods in the cytoplasm that provides structure.

Centrosome

A cell structure that plays a key role in cell division.

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and protein found in the nucleus.

Chromosomes

Tightly coiled structures that contain DNA.

Mitosis

The process of nuclear division during cell division.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis when chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis when chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

Anaphase

The third stage of mitosis when sister chromatids separate.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis when the nuclear membranes re-form.

Regeneration

The replacement of destroyed tissue with the same type of tissue.

Fibrosis

The proliferation of scar tissue following injury.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin containing keratinized cells.

Dermis

The thick layer of tissue beneath the epidermis containing connective tissue.

Keratinocytes

The most abundant cell type in the epidermis that produces keratin.

Melanocytes

Cells in the skin that produce the pigment melanin.

Skin color

Determined by the presence of melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

Nail

A protective covering made of hard keratin on the surface of fingers and toes.

Sebaceous glands

Glands that secrete sebum to lubricate skin and hair.

Sweat glands

Glands that produce sweat to help regulate body temperature.

Burns

Injuries to skin classified by severity.

Skin cancer

Abnormal growth of skin cells, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.