music: vocab, eras etc.

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54 Terms

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homophony

texture where all parts move together at the same rate, with highest part being most prominent

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chordal homophony

stricter type of homophony where different parts move together, forming a sequence of chords

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melody dominated homophony

also called melody and accompaniment - looser form of homophony where there is a clear focus on the main melody, with other parts playing accompanimental role

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monophony/monody

texture where there is a single line of music without accompanying harmony

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unison

when two or more musical parts play the same music as each other

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octave unison

unison where both parts play the same notes, but in different octaves

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antiphony

alternating responses between 2 parts

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polyphony/counterpoint

texture where different and independent melodic lines are heard at the same time

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types of cadence

perfect

imperfect- I-V

interrupted - V-VI

plagal - IV-I (assoc. with church music)

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motif

musical idea - a short melodic or rhythmic phrase that is repeated and subjected to change and transformation in a passage of music

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ostinato

a distinctive motif or rhythmic phrase that is repeated and subjected to change and transformation in a passage of music - ostinato is longer than motif

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countermelody

a secondary melody heard at the same time as the main tune, which complements it

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basso continuo

a bassline played by a single-line instrument (cello and bass) accompanied by a chordal instrument improvising a harmony part - key in BAROQUE

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diatonic

music that uses the pitches of home key

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chromatic

antonym of diatonic - music uses pitches from outside home key (often resulting in dissonance)

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modal

scale/pitch collection that occurred before tonal music emerged - does not have cadence/modulate in the same way as tonal music as leading note is often flattened

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atonal

music that doesn’t follow the tonal or modal system, without an identifiable home pitch - emerged in the early 20th century - music often chromatic and dissonant

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simple time

music with 4 at bottom of time signature

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compound time

music with 8 at bottom of time signature

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swung quavers/semis

jazz technique of playing quavers in a long-short pattern

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tessitura

main pitch range of an instrument/vocal part

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melisma

singing of more than one note to a single syllable of text

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syllabic word setting

a way of setting words so that each syllable has a single note

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secondary dominant

a chord which functions as the dominant of a chord other than the tonic

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forms

binary form - two part AB structure

ternary form - three part structure, usually ABA

sonata form

rondo form - based on repetition of a theme, separated by intervening episodes, often ABACA

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sonata form

exposition - 1st and second subject

development - musical ideas explored, range of keys visited

recapitulation - concluding section - original first and second subject theme heard, now both in home key

(coda) - concluding part of musical composition

CLASSICAL

music moves from home key to second key then back again

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symphony

large-scale work for orchestra, usually 4 movements, common from classical period

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sonata

multi-mvmt work for single player or single player + piano accomp.

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concerto

piece for solo performer accompanied by orchestra

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song without words

short Romantic piece for solo piano with song-like qualities - created by Felix Mendelssohn + Fanny Hensel in 19th cent.

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imitation

where one line of music copies the melody of another, often at different pitch and usually with entry of second part overlapping completion of first

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canon

repeating a melody but starting after time delay

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hemiola

rhythmic phrasing of two bars of triple time music as if they were three bars of duple time

BAROQUE

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a cappella

choral music performed without instrumental accomp.

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mordent

knowt flashcard image
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turn

knowt flashcard image
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anacrusis

upbeat - an unstressed pickup or lead-in note or group of notes that goes before the first accented note of a phrase

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consonance

when notes are sounded together and produce a sound associated with sweetness, pleasantness and lack of tonal tension

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dissonance

absence of consonance and associated with harshness and unpleasantness - spectrum from mildly to extremely dissonant

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pedal point/note

sustained/repeated bass note over which the harmony changes

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circle of fifths

harmonic progression where bass moves progressively by interval of a fifth

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sections of a pop song

verse

pre-chorus

chorus

middle-eight

intro

outro

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sequence

melodic phrase that is repeated, getting progressively higher (ascending sequence) or lower (descending sequence)

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conjunct

movement by step - when melody moves up/down to next nearest note within scale

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disjunct

movement by skip/leap, when melody moves up or down by larger interval than a step

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medieval

anything up to and incl. 1400

earliest examples - 900-1000

composer: hildegard

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renaissance

1400s-1600

choral - SATB - church music

lots of instrumental, not much written down

polyphonic/contrapuntal

composer: palestrina

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baroque

1600-1750

contrapuntal

harpsichord, basso continuo

composers: js bach, handel, purcell

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classical

1750-1830

often diatonic, regular and balanced phrases

strings, esp violins, flutes, trumpets, timps but not much percussion, singing, piano

composers: mozart, beethoven (mix of classical and romantic),

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romantic

1830-1900

dissonance/chromaticism

harmonies get richer, melodies fuller, more free

listen out for dissonant chords and unusual instruments, e.g. percussion

composers: schumann, chopin (smaller piano pieces), rachmaninoff (big orchestral pieces), wagner (opera)

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20th century (modern)

1900 onwards

minimalism, atonality (from 1909)

composers (mostly german): schoenberg (atonal), philip glass (minimalism)

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melodic devices

sequence

ornamentation

passing notes

suspension

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harmonic (chords) devices

suspension

pedal

ground bass

cadences

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rhythmic devices

syncopation

swung notes

hemiola (baroque)