RADI 440 EXAM 2

What are the functions of the stomach?

acidifies food, converting it into chyme; produces digestive enzymes; mechanically grinds food

What has stretch receptors which trigger digestion?

fundus

what marks the end of the stomach?

pylorus (pyloric sphincter)

Where does the greater omentum hang from?

greater curvature

Where is a common site of ulcers?

lesser curvature

What helps increase the surface area of the stomach?

rugae (gastric folds)

What serves as the final passageway into the SI?

pyloric sphincter

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What is the proximal portion of the small intestine?

duodenum

What increases surface area and increases contact time of the bolus with the luminal wall?

circular folds (valves of kerckring)

What is the site of drainage of the pancreatic duct?

papilla

What suspends the duodenum? (this is the site of the duodenojejunal flexure)

ligament of treitz

What arises superior to the duodenum and left renal vein?

SMA

How does the large intestine connect to the small intestine?

ileocecal junction

Distally, the large intestine connects to what?

rectum

What is largely a lymphoid organ connected to the cecum?

appendix

In children, appendicitis is often due to what?

lymphoid hyperplasia

In adults, appendicitis is often due to what?

a fecalith

What is a primary site of water exchange in the GI tract?

large intestine

What are segments of the LI called?

haustra

What regulates several physiological functions in the colon?

normal bacteria

What is the most distal ends of the mucosal GI tract?

rectum and anal canal

What is a dilated region which is the storage site of feces?

ampulla of the rectum

What is the rectum vascularized by?

superior, middle, and inferior rectal arteries

What divides the GI tract from the outside world and is the proximal most aspect of the anal canal?

pectinate line

What’s above (proximal to) the pectinate line?

mucosal membrane, visceral sensory innervation, venous drainage to the portal system

What is below (distal to) the pectinate line?

squamous membrane, somatic sensory innervation, venous drainage to the vena caval system

What’s the termination of the GI tract?

anal canal

What produces the SHAPE of the anal canal?

anal columns and sinuses

What controls the release of feces?

anal sphincters

What dilates involuntarily with the ampulla to trigger the brain to know that you need to defecate?

internal anal sphincter

The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control that is accomplished via the?

pudendal nerve

What is the largest visceral organ in the human body?

liver

Where is the liver located?

right hypochondriac and epigastric regions

What makes up the portal triad? (divide out together throughout the liver)

hepatic and common bile ducts, hepatic artery proper, portal vein

What brings nutrients to the liver?

arteries and veins

What drains waste from the liver?

bile ducts

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

quadrate, caudate, left, right

What organ lies inferior to the liver?

gallbladder

The gallbladder releases bile in response to food intake via which hormone that aid in digestion?

CCK

What extends from the gallbladder and liver emptying into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla?

biliary tree

What are the stones that become lodged in these ducts and cause repercussions upstream of the obstruction?

gallstones

What is primarily a lymphoid organ located in the left hypochondriac region and serves as a collecting site for numerous BLOOD CELLS?

spleen

What is it called when the spleen enlarges?

splenomegaly

What can cause the spleen to enlarge?

infection, leukemia, cirrhosis, inflammatory diseases

When the spleen becomes enlarged, it sequesters large amount of _____

our blood cells

What organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

pancreas

What function of the pancreas is regulated by islets of langerhans and includes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release?

endocrine

What pancreas function releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct?

exocrine

The drainage of the hepatic portal system collects in the portal vein

splenic vein, SMV, IMV

The main branches of the aorta feed different regions of the GI tract. These regions are derived from…?

embryonic structures

The foregut is made of the?

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver

What is the midgut made of?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, asc. and 1-2/3 of the transverse colon

What make up the hindgut?

remaining transverse and des. colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, cranial anal canal

What are the main branches of the aorta?

celiac trunk, SMA, IMA

What arteries run along the greater curvature of the stomach?

gastroepiploic arteries

What is described as tortuous and supplies blood to the body of the pancreas, spleen and greater curvature of the stomach?

splenic artery

What arises from the aorta at L1 and supplies the midgut?

superior mesenteric artery

What arises from the aorta at L3 and supplies the hindgut?

inferior mesenteric artery

Where does the drainage of the hepatic portal system collect?

portal vien

When the liver becomes cirrhotic, pressure builds up in the portal system. What can this cause?

porto-systemic shunting

What are the bean-shaped, retroperitoneal, encapsulated organs that regulate pH and ion balance, and filter and excrete nitrogenous wastes?

kidneys

Between the anterior and posterior segments of the kidney is what?

Brodel’s Bloodless Line

The kidneys are fed/drained by what?

renal artery/vein; connect at the hilum with the ureter

This feature makes the left kidney more acceptable for transplant

long left renal vein

What branch off the aorta at the level of L1/L2?

renal arteries

What are the branches that the renal arteries divide into?

segmental, interlobar, arcuate, and afferent arteries

What feed the glomeruli of the kidney?

afferent arterioles

What is the site of filtration in the kidney?

glomerulus

What carries blood away from the glomerulus?

efferent arteriole

What are retroperitoneal structures that connect the kidneys and bladder and steal their vascular supply from nearby vessels?

ureters

When a calculus (stone) dislodges from the kidney, it can get stuck in the ureter

kidney stones

What sphincter is under voluntary control?

external sphincter

What sphincter is under involuntary control?

internal sphincter

What are the site of storage of the ova?

ovaries

What is the process called when a mature ovum is released from the ovary and enters the uterine tube?

ovulation

What two ligaments secures the ovary in space?

proper ovarian ligament (medial) and suspensory ligament of the ovary (lateral)

What structure produces progesterone?

corpus luteum

The corpus luteum degenerates and forms what?

corpus albicans (primarily formed of collagen)

What is the location of ovum development?

The Graafian Follicle

After release, the ovum is swept into the uterine tube by what?

fimbriae

What transmits eggs to the uterus?

uterine tube

What are the 3 regions of the uterine tube?

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

What is a hollow organ which serves as the site of fetal growth in pregnancy?

uterus

What is shed each month of the menstrual cycle?

endometrial tissue

What is smooth muscle that contracts during labor?

myometrium

What is the passage for the fetus during delivery and connects the uterus and the vaginal canal?

cervical canal

All the external female genitalia is known as the…?

vulva

What are tissue folds which surround the vaginal opening?

labia

What is an internal structure with a head that extends externally and is developed from the same erectile tissue as the penis in males?

clitoris

What surrounds the testes?

tunica albuginea

What occurs in the lobules of the testes and drain from the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis?

spermatogenesis

What drains the rete into the epididymis?

efferent ductules

What DRAINS the testes?

pampiniform plexus

What is responsible for keeping the testes cooler than the rest of the body?

venous plexus

The seminal vesicles are paired glands on the _____ bladder

posterior

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

ductus deferens and seminal vesicles

The seminal vesicles and ductus deferens, in conjunction with the prostate and bulbourethral glands make up what?

semen

What are some reasons that contribute to prostate enlargement?

infection, cancer, benign mass

What enlarges and makes the bladder not able to empty as easily, causing upstream consequences?

prostate enlargement