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Chapters 30,
Scientific Management
A system of industrial management emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance
Fordism
A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their “African homeland” and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.
Bolshevik Revolution
The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state.
red scare
A period of intense anticommunism.
criminal syndicalism laws
Passed by many states during the red scare, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change.
American Plan
A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization.
Immigration Act of 1924
Also known as the “National Origins Act,” this law established quotas for immigration to the United States
Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
Signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge, the act granted citizenship to all American Indians born in U.S. territory.
Eighteenth Amendment
This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
Volstead Act
A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment
Racketeers
People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence.
Bible Belt
The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.
Scopes Trial
A court case over the issue of whether evolution could be taught in public schools. Pitting Christian fundamentalists against modernists, the trial eventually produced mixed results for fundamentalists, who won the case but were ridiculed by the national press.
Fundamentalism
A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science.
modernism
artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, and fragmentation.
Lost Generation
A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post–World War I Europe.
Harlem Renaissaince
A creative outpouring among African American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a “New Negro” in American social, political, and intellectual life.
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital
A landmark Supreme Court decision reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregon, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed “outlawry of war.”
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers.
Teapot Dome Scandal
scandal which implicated President Harding’s secretary of the interior was one of several that gave his administration a reputation for corruption.
McNary-Haugen Bill
A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad, but vetoed by Coolidge.
Dawes Plan
An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany.
Agricultural Marketing Act
This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers’ cooperatives.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
The highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the United States, passed as a result of good old-fashioned horse trading. To the outside world, it smacked of ugly economic warfare.
Black Tuesday
The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929, when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression.
Hoovervilles
Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depression slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents. Their visibility (and sarcastic name) tarnished the reputation of the Hoover administration.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
A government lending agency established to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal
Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act
This law banned “yellow-dog,” or antiunion, work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to quash strikes and boycotts. It was an early piece of labor-friendly federal legislation.
Bonus Expeditionary Force
this rag-tag group of twenty thousand veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I, they were dispersed with tear gas and bayonets.
Brain Trust
Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many of them young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal.
New Deal
The economic and political policies of Franklin Roosevelt’s administration in the 1930s, which aimed to solve the problems of the Great Depression by providing relief for the unemployed and launching efforts to stimulate economic recovery.
Hundred Days
The beginning of FDR’s administration, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal.
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
A law creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual bank deposits and ended a century-long tradition of unstable banking that had reached a crisis in the Great Depression.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining national parks.
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
an early New Deal program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers’ earnings and working hours to distribute work and established codes for “fair competition” to ensure that similar procedures were followed by all firms in any particular industrial sector.
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
A New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm.
Dust Bowl
Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930s.
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
act that reversed the policy of forced assimilation that flowed from the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act, restore tribal autonomy, and promote the economic well-being of reservations.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
new deal program that brought cheap electric power, full employment, low-cost housing, and environmental improvements to Americans in the Tennessee Valley.
Social Security Act
this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees.
Wagner Act
this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employers.
Fair Labor Standards Act
regulated minimum wages and maximum hours for workers involved in interstate commerce. The law also outlawed labor by children under sixteen.
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
A New Deal–era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft.
court-packing plan
Franklin Roosevelt’s politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court’s objections to New Deal reforms.
Keynesianism
An economic theory hat central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity.
London Economic Conference
A sixty-six-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. Franklin Roosevelt’s decision to revoke American participation contributed to a deepening world economic crisis.
Good Neighbor Policy
A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, this policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.
Rome-Berlin Axis
Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty.
Johnson Debt Default Act
this spiteful act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the United States.
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937
Short-sighted acts passed to prevent American participation in a European war. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco’s nationalist coup
Quarantine Speech
An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for “positive endeavors” to “quarantine” land-hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargoes. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians.
Appeasement
The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich. Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
Hitler-Stalin Pact
Treaty signed on August 23, 1939, in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies.
Neutrality Act of 1939
This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships, It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks.
Kristallnacht
the murderous pogrom that destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentration camps on the night of November 9, 1938.
War Refugee Board
A U.S. agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps.
America First Committee
An isolationist advocacy group formed in September 1940 that opposed American intervention in the Second World War.
Lend-Lease Bill
this law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis powers.
Atlantic Charter
Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and British prime minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security.
Pearl Harbor
An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused three thousand casualties on December 7, 1941. The attack brought the United States into World War II.
Executive Order No. 9066
Fueled by historic anti-Japanese sentiment as well as panic following the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, the order led to the forced removal of some 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry (2/3 U.S. citizens) from the Western Military Zone. Most but not all of those removed were interned in relocation camps in the interior West.
War Production Board (WPB)
Established to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation’s war machine. Had sweeping powers over the U.S. economy
Office of Price Administration (OPA)
A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy by rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, tires, fuel, nylon, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by setting ceilings on the price of goods.
National War Labor Board (NWLB)
acted as an arbitration tribunal and mediated disputes between labor and management that might have led to war stoppages and thereby undermined the war effort. The NWLB was also charged with adjusting wages with an eye to controlling inflation.
Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act
this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes. It also criminalized strike action against government-run companies.
WACs (Women’s Army Corps)
The women’s branch of the U.S. Army established during World War II to employ women in noncombatant jobs
WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service)
The women’s branch of the U.S. Navy established during World War II to employ women in noncombatant jobs.
SPARs
The women’s branch of the U.S. Coast Guard established during World War II to employ women in noncombatant jobs.
Bracero Program
Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West.
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
executive order forbidding racial discrimination in all defense plants operating under contract with the federal government
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the “Double V”—victory over fascism abroad and racism at home. After World War II, CORE would become a major force in the civil rights movement.
code talkers
Native American men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages, which were undecipherable by German and Japanese spies.
Battle of Midway
A pivotal naval battle fought near the island of Midway on June 3–6, 1942. The victory halted Japanese advances in the Pacific.
D-Day
A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of World War II in Europe.
Battle of the Bulge
the last desperate German offensive on the western front in WWII. Germans aimed to divide and encircle the Allied forces and cut off access to the Belgian resupply port of Antwerp., but were eventually stopped in late January 1945 at a cost of more than 8000 U.S. soldiers killed in action. It was the single costliest American battle of WWII.
V-E Day
The source of frenzied rejoicing, May 8, 1945, marked the official end to the war in Europe, following the unconditional surrender of what remained of the German government.
Potsdam Conference
President Harry S. Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.
Manhattan Project
Code name for the American commission established in 1942 to develop the atomic bomb.
V-J Day
August 15, 1945, heralded the surrender of Japan and the final end to World War II.
