HOSA Nutrition Throughout Lifespan (infancy, childhood, adulthood, the elderly, pregnancy, and lactation) (copy)

Best time to feed infants

on demand

infants average eating schedule

every 2-4 hours

most rapid period of growth in life

first year of life

Baby doubles birth rate by what age

6 months

baby triples birth rate by which age

1 year

Calories needed per kilogram for infants and vitamin supplement requirements for infants

98-108 Vitamin D/K

protein needed per kilogram up to 6 months

2.2 grams

protein needed per kilogram up to 1 year

1.6 grams

water needed per calorie for infants

1.5 ml

Innate supply of iron lasts how long

3-6 months

Breast milk provides everything needed in the first 4-6 months of life except ___

Vitamin D

What vitamin do infants lack at birth and need a supplement for

Vitamin K

Excess vitamin A in infancy can cause

bone abnormalities and liver damage

Excess vitamin D in infancy can cause

cardiovascular system damage and kidney damage

Benefits to breastfeeding

sanitary, quick, cheap, provides immunity, sterile, easily digestible, generally doesn't cause allergic reactions, provides a stronger bond b/w infant and mother, lowers load on kidneys, promotes oral development, decreases risk of obesity and diabetes

infant nursing rate

every 2-4 hours for 10-15 minutes

Growth spurt times

10 days, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months

signs of adequate nutritional intake

>6 wet diapers a day, normal growth, 1-2 mustard colored BM's a day, decreased breast fullness

Benefits to the mother of breastfeeding

lowers uterus size, controls postpartum bleeding, and lowers weight. Also possibly lowers risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis

why should breast-milk never be warmed in the microwave

it destroys the antibodies

Proper feeding procedure/position

the baby should be held semi-upright to prevent fluid pooling in the ears. it should be burped afterward

Formulas are oftentimes based on _________ milk

cow

Differences between a cow and human milk

Cow has more protein and more mineral salts, but less lactose

what water must be used with formula

sterile or boiled tap water

Effect of ingestion of cow milk in infants under 1

protein is hard to digest and the fat is less available, causing gastrointestinal blood loss

Effect of keeping bottles with the infant over night

decreased saliva production will contribute to tooth decay and can cause protrusion of the upper jaw, "baby bottle mouth"

Time to introduce solid foods to infants

breast milk up until 4-6 months, and remaining the major food source up to a year

WIC Program

provides education and nutritional foods free to pregnant women, mothers, and infants to promote good health

Indications an infant is ready for solid food

physical ability to pull food into mouth, willingness to participate, ability to sit-up w/ support, neck/head control, nursing 8-10 times in 24 hours

Introduction period for new foods in infants

introduction and then nothing for 4-5 days

Introduction chain of foods to infants

cereal, oat, wheat, mixed cereal, cooked/pureed veggies, cooked/pureed fruits, egg yolk, and finely ground meats

servings of foods for infants

2-4 tablespoons of each variety of food

suggested juice amount for infants

4 oz of 100% fruit juice

Indications of a full infant

playing with the nipple/bottle, looking around, falling asleep, playing with food

Exposure to salt and starchy foods in infancy can cause _____

a later dependence on salt additives

Average formula intake in a feeding

5-6 oz for younger infants, 6-8 oz for older infants

Sucking reflex is developed at what age

34 weeks

Premature infant classification

Before 37 weeks

best nutrition for a premature infant

breast milk

When does the weaning process officially begin

When the first spoon full of normal food is given

Nutritional problems with Cystic Fibrosis

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (85%) causing a lack of digestive enzymes and malabsorption of fats

Galactosemia

1/30k live births, lack of transferase which converts galactose to glucose causing buildup resulting in cataracts, galactosuria, mental retardation, diarrhea, vomiting, and edema

Galactosemia treatment

must remain lactose free, nutritional supplements of calcium, vitamin D, and riboflavin,

Phenylketonuria

lack of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase necessary for metabolism of phenylalanine causing seizures and mental retardation. Typically have light skin and hair

Phenylketonuria treatments

carefully monitored diet, special formula called Lofenalac, and synthetic milk like phenyl-free, PKU-1, PKU-2, and PKU-3

Maple Syrup Urine Diseases

inability to metabolize leucine, isoleucine, and valine, affects 1/100k-300k births causing ketosis buildup and eventual death by acidosis

Foods permitted for PKU patients

fats, sugars, jellies, some candies, special formulas, fruits, vegetables, cereals

Foods not permitted for PKU patients

meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, cheese, nuts, dried beans/peas, commercial products w/ flower

average weight gain of children in year 2

5 pounds

neophobia introduction times before success

10 times

what type of milk is recommended up until age 2

whole, for proper brain development with fats

Children like what in food

crisp textures, mild flavors, and familiar foods

Milk servings per day throughout childhood

Age 1-2: 1-2 cups

Age 3-4: 2.5 cups

Age 5-6: 3 cups

Age 7-12: 3 cups

Protein servings per day throughout childhood

Age 1-2: 1-2 oz

Age 3-4: 3-4 oz

Age 5-6: 5 oz

Age 7-12: 5-6 oz

Vegetable servings per day throughout childhood

Age 1-2: .5-1 cup

Age 3-4: 1.5 cups

Age 5-6: 2 cups

Age 7-12: 2-3 cups

Fruit servings per day throughout childhood

Age 1-2: .5-1 cup

Age 3-4: 1.5 cups

Age 5-6: 1.5 cups

Age 7-12: 1.5-2 cups

Grain servings per day throughout childhood

Age 1-2: 1.5-3 oz

Age 3-4: 4-5 oz

Age 5-6: 5 oz

Age 7-12: 5-7 oz

Oil/Fat servings per day throughout childhood

Age 1-2: 3 tsp

Age 3-4: 4 tsp

Age 5-6: 4 tsp

Age 7-12: 5 tsp

Choking hazard foods

peanuts, grapes, hot dogs, raw carrots, hard candy, peanut butter

Food Peculiarity Term

Food "Jags"

snack rate for children

2-3 hours

Recommended Snacks

Low-Fat cheese, fruit, or cereal. Finger foods are best

Estimated caloric needs for children 2-3 years

1000-1400

Estimated caloric needs for male children 4-8 years

1400-2000

Estimated caloric needs for female children 4-8 years

1200-1800

Estimated caloric needs for male children 9-13 years

1800-2600

Estimated caloric needs for female children 9-13 years

1600-2200

Highly nutritious fruits and vegetables "Power-House"

citrus, berries, green leafy vegetables, broccoli

AI of fiber in children

Age 1-3: 19 grams

Age 4-8: 25 grams

Age 9-13 Male: 31 grams

Age 9-13 Female: 26 grams

Age 14-18 Male: 38 grams

Age 14-18 Female: 38 grams

Adequate water intake for children

1ml per calorie

Percentage of individuals 12-18 meeting dietary recommendations

11%

Percentage of individuals 2-5 meeting dietary recommendations

22%

Percentage of individuals 6-11 meeting dietary recommendations

16%

Juice intake recommendation for children

4-6 oz for under 6, 8-12 oz for older children

WHO covers children of what age range

0-2

CDC covers children of what age range

2 years and older

Acceptable youth cholesterol level

170 mg/dl

Acceptable youth LDL level

110 mg/dl

Fat intake for children 1-3

30%-40% of calories from fat

Fat intake for children 4-18

25-35% of calories from fat

Bone fracture statistics

increased 32% higher in boys and 56% higher in girls since the 1960's

Bone-Health Important Vitamins and Minerals

Protein, phosphorus, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Zinc, potassium, magnesium, and calcium

Anemia occurs in what percentage of US toddlers

14%, most common in African Americans

Most Common Nutrient Disorder in the World

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Dietary precautions taken to aid in ADHD treatment

high-protein breakfast, reduction in sugar and processed foods, less high-fat diary, and omega-3 supplements

Effect of ADHD medication on appetite

lowers appetite

Percentage of ADHD diagnosis

9.5% or 5.4 million

ADHD decreased appetite is most prominent at what meal

Lunch

Effect of newer drugs for behavior and mood stability

increases appetite

Percentage of children with allergies

8%

most common allergy

peanuts (2%), followed by shellfish and milk

Top 9 Allergies

Peanuts, milk, shellfish, tree nuts, egg, fish, strawberry, wheat, and soy

Age group most susceptible to allergies

Preschoolers (3-5)

percentage of children with severe allergic reactions to food

40%

Percentage of obese children

17% (12.5 million)

Obesity Increase since 1980

Tripled

Ethnic Group with highest percentage of obesity

African American girls and Hispanic boys

Pre-diabetes prevalence in children

1/6

Pre-diabetic fasting blood sugar level

100-126 mg/dl

Prediabetes -> Diabetes Time

10 Years