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13th Amendment
Abolished slavery except as punishment for a crime.
14th Amendment
Established birthright citizenship and equal protection under the law.
15th Amendment
Guaranteed voting rights for African Americans.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws that enforced racial segregation.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court ruling that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Black Codes
Laws that limited the freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War.
Sharecropping
A system where people farmed a share of land in return for a portion of the crops.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Agency created to help African Americans and poor whites after the Civil War.
Native American Policy
Policies involving boarding schools and assimilation of Native Americans.
KKK
Terrorist organization targeting African Americans and Republicans.
Industrialization and Urbanization
Caused mass movement of people to cities.
Factors of Industrialization
Includes natural resources, technological innovations, railroads, a large labor force, and government policy.
Laissez-Faire
Economic policy of minimal government interference.
Push Factors
Reasons such as war, famine, or lack of jobs that drive people to leave their country.
Pull Factors
Attractions such as jobs and freedoms that draw people to a new country.
Old Immigrants
Primarily Protestants from North/West Europe, often literate.
New Immigrants
Mainly Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish from South/East Europe, often illiterate.
Nativism
Extreme dislike of other cultures and immigrants.
Horizontal Integration
Acquisition of businesses at the same level in the supply chain.
Vertical Integration
Acquisition of businesses at different stages of the supply chain.
Monopoly
When one business dominates an entire industry.
Rockefeller
Known for horizontal integration in the oil industry.
Carnegie
Known for vertical integration in the steel industry and promoting the Gospel of Wealth.
Unions
Organizations of workers formed to improve pay, hours, and safety.
Haymarket Strike/Affair
A protest that turned violent leading to convictions.
Pullman Strike
Strike concerning work conditions that prompted government intervention.
Homestead Strike
Violent strike in response to pay cuts at Carnegie Steel.
Working Conditions
Characterized by long hours, low pay, and child labor.
Factors of Imperialism
Included military prestige, natural resources, and trade.
Reasons for Imperialism
Naval expansion and resource acquisition.
Reasons against Imperialism
Seen as violations of American principles of democracy.
Causes of SPAM
Driven by yellow journalism and other factors.
Impact of SPAM
Resulted in the acquisition of overseas territories, with the constitution not applying.
Social Darwinism
Theory that categorizes races and nations in a hierarchy.
Causes of WWI
Included militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.
Reasons for American Entry into WWI
Included unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmerman Telegram, and financial ties to Allies.
Schenck v. United States
Established the 'clear and present danger' standard, limiting free speech during crises.
