Study Guide Terms

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery except as punishment for a crime.

14th Amendment

Established birthright citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Guaranteed voting rights for African Americans.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that enforced racial segregation.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court ruling that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Black Codes

Laws that limited the freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War.

Sharecropping

A system where people farmed a share of land in return for a portion of the crops.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Agency created to help African Americans and poor whites after the Civil War.

Native American Policy

Policies involving boarding schools and assimilation of Native Americans.

KKK

Terrorist organization targeting African Americans and Republicans.

Industrialization and Urbanization

Caused mass movement of people to cities.

Factors of Industrialization

Includes natural resources, technological innovations, railroads, a large labor force, and government policy.

Laissez-Faire

Economic policy of minimal government interference.

Push Factors

Reasons such as war, famine, or lack of jobs that drive people to leave their country.

Pull Factors

Attractions such as jobs and freedoms that draw people to a new country.

Old Immigrants

Primarily Protestants from North/West Europe, often literate.

New Immigrants

Mainly Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish from South/East Europe, often illiterate.

Nativism

Extreme dislike of other cultures and immigrants.

Horizontal Integration

Acquisition of businesses at the same level in the supply chain.

Vertical Integration

Acquisition of businesses at different stages of the supply chain.

Monopoly

When one business dominates an entire industry.

Rockefeller

Known for horizontal integration in the oil industry.

Carnegie

Known for vertical integration in the steel industry and promoting the Gospel of Wealth.

Unions

Organizations of workers formed to improve pay, hours, and safety.

Haymarket Strike/Affair

A protest that turned violent leading to convictions.

Pullman Strike

Strike concerning work conditions that prompted government intervention.

Homestead Strike

Violent strike in response to pay cuts at Carnegie Steel.

Working Conditions

Characterized by long hours, low pay, and child labor.

Factors of Imperialism

Included military prestige, natural resources, and trade.

Reasons for Imperialism

Naval expansion and resource acquisition.

Reasons against Imperialism

Seen as violations of American principles of democracy.

Causes of SPAM

Driven by yellow journalism and other factors.

Impact of SPAM

Resulted in the acquisition of overseas territories, with the constitution not applying.

Social Darwinism

Theory that categorizes races and nations in a hierarchy.

Causes of WWI

Included militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Reasons for American Entry into WWI

Included unrestricted submarine warfare, the Zimmerman Telegram, and financial ties to Allies.

Schenck v. United States

Established the 'clear and present danger' standard, limiting free speech during crises.