Bones of the LE & Muscles

The functions of the lower extremity include supporting the weight of the body and producing _______ .

locomotion

The hip bones are formed by the __________, __________ , and __________.

ilium, ischium, pubis

The ________ is the meeting point of the three hip bones and includes a structure called __________.

acetabulum, tridirate ligament

The __________ is an opening for nerves and blood vessels created by the ________ and _______.

obturator foramen, ischium, pubis

The pubis is divided into a body, a __________ & __________ ramus

superior, inferior

__________ is a deformity where the angle of inclination is less than __________ degrees.

Coxa vara, 120

__________ is characterized by an angle of inclination usually above __________ degrees.

Coxa valga, 135

The ___ is located below the ASIS and aligns with the level of __.

AIIS, L4

The PIIS is located below the ___ and is at the level of ___

PSIS, S2

The ___________ ________ notch is located above and behind the acetabulum.

Greater sciatic

True or False: Anesthesia is typically administered at L4 to avoid the spinal cord.

True

True or False: When anesthesia is administered at L1 it will not cause paralysis.

False

The ischial tuberosity is the site for attachment of which muscle group?

Hamstring muscles

The ___, felt when sitting upright, is also known as the "sit bone."

Ischial tuberosity

What projects from the posterior border of the ischium between the greater and lesser sciatic notches?

Ischial spine

The ischial spine is used as a measurement site for what?

Pelvic opening

The greater and lesser sciatic notches become foramina when _______ & _______ ligaments are attached.

Sacrospinous, Sacrotuberous

The ___ of the pubis forms the upper border of its body and ends at the pubic tubercle.

Crest

The pubic _______ is where the bodies of both pubic bones meet.

symphysis

The _______ ramus of the pubis joins the _______ and _______ at the acetabulum.

Superior, ilium, ischium

The _______ ramus of the pubis joins the ________ ________ below the _______ _________.

inferior, ischial ramus, obturator foramen

What is the depression on the outer surface of the hip bone where the three hip bones meet?

Acetabulum

The acetabulum is made up of more than 2/5 ____, less than 2/5 ____, and the remaining 1/5 by the ____.

Ischium, ilium, pubis

The lower boundary of the acetabulum is formed by the _____, upper boundary by ______ and midline by _____.

Ischium, ilium, pubis

The ___ is a circular, non-articular depression found at the inferior margin of the acetabulum.

Acetabular notch

The ___ is horseshoe-shaped and serves as the articulation site for the femoral head.

Acetabular fossa

The sacrum _________ (position) articulates with the 2 iliac bones at the __________ joints.

Laterally, sacroillac

How many vertebrae make up the sacrum?

5

The coccygeal cornua are remnants of the ___ and ___ processes.

Pedicles, superior articular

The coccygeal cornua articulate with the ___ cornua.

Sacral

True or False: All coccygeal vertebrae have transverse processes.

False

True or False: The first coccygeal vertebra has a rudimentary transverse process.

True

The _____ border or base of the sacrum articulates with __? (Level of vertebra)

upper, L5

The inferior border of the sacrum articulates with the _____

Coccyx

The coccyx consists of __ vertebrae fused…

4

The sacrum articulates laterally with the iliac bones at the ___.

Sacroiliac joints

The ___ forms the anterior and upper margin of the sacrum, marking the _________ _______ _______.

Sacral promontory, posterior pelvic inlet

What level is the sacral promontory located at?…

S1

The laminae of ____ and ___ vertebrae fail to meet at the midline, forming the ______ _______?

S4, S5, sacral hiatus

What are the other contents of the sacrum?

filum terminale, fibrofatty material

The sacrum has a _________ space and reaches up until the lower border of __ level.

Subarachnoid, S2

The vertebral foramina fuse together to form ______ _______?

Sacral canal

The sacral ______ contains the anterior and posterior roots of the ___, ___, and ___ nerves.

canal, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

The small depression on the head of the femur for attachment of ligamentum teres is called ___.

Fovea capitis

Upper end of femur contents (7 structures)

Head, neck, fovea capitis, greater and lesser trochanter, Intertrochanteric line, Quadrate tubercle

Middle third femur contents (6 structures)

Medial and lateral supracondylar ridge, linea aspera, gluteal tuberosity, shaft

Which muscle attaches to the gluteal tuberosity?

Gluteus maximus

Lower third femur contents (4 structures)

Medial and lateral condyle, intercondylar notch, adductor tubercle

Is the adductor tubercle located laterally or medially?…

Medially

The angle of inclination between the femoral neck and shaft is about ___ degrees.

125

At birth, the angle of inclination of the femur is about _______ degrees and begins to change when a child ______.

180, stands

What is the hip deformity called when the angle of inclination is less than 120 degrees?

Coxa Vara

What is the hip deformity called when the angle of inclination is greater than 135 degrees?

Coxa Valga

In Coxa Valga, the limb length discrepancy typically results in a ___ limb.

Longer

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body that helps elongate the tendon?

Patella

The patella is part of which tendon?

Quadriceps tendon

What connects the apex of the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia?

Ligamentum patellae

Which is the large weight-bearing bone in the leg.

Tibia

Proximal third tibia contents (6 structures)

Medial and lateral condyles, Intercondylar eminence, lateral fibular facet, interosseous border, tibial tuberosity

Distal third tibia contents (3 structures)

Medial malleolus, lateral border, soleal line

The fibula is a slender bone that is located ______ in the leg.

Laterally

Upper third fibula contents (5 structures)

Medial border, articular surface, styloid process, shaft, head

Lower third fibula contents (2 structures)

Lateral malleolus, malleolar fossa

Yes or No: Does the fibula participate in articulation at the knee joint?

No

The fibula participates in the ___ joint below the knee.

Ankle

Where does the peroneal nerve pass.

Head of the fibula

The _____ of the fibula provides attachment for the _____ membrane.

shaft, interosseous

Which bone is the largest in the foot and forms the prominence of the heel?

Calcaneum

What bone does the calcaneum articulate with above and in front respectively?

Talus, Cuboid

What surface of the calcaneum forms the prominence of the heel and provides attachment for the Achilles tendon?

Posterior surface

What is the roughened groove separating the articular facets on the superior surface of the calcaneum called?

Sulcus calcanei

What is the name of the large, shelf-like process on the medial surface of the calcaneum?

Sustentaculum tali

The talus consists of which three parts?

Head, neck, body

Which part of the talus articulates distally with the navicular bone?

Head

The _______ surface of the calcaneum is for fascia at the foot area

Inferior

The inferior surface of the calcaneum has an ________ ________ in the midline and a large ______ and a smaller _____ tubercle at the junction of the inferior and posterior surfaces

anterior tubercle, medial, lateral

What does the superior surface of the talus articulate with? (Be specific)

Distal end of tibia

The superior surface of the talus is ___ from before backward and ___ from side to side.

Convex, concave

Name all 7 bones of the foot and ankle

Calcaneus

Talus

Navicular

Medial cuneiform

Intermediate cuneiform

Lateral cuneiform

Cuboid

Fascia that is responsible for the prominence of the buttock.

Superficial fascia

_____ fascia where lateral surface it thickens to form a strong wide band, and forms the ______ tract

Deep, Iliotibial

________ forms the “sheet” of the tensor _____ _____ muscle.

Iliotibial tract, fascia latae

Which nerve arises from L1?

Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal

Which nerve arises from L1-2?

Genitofemoral

Which (Posterior) nerve arises from L2-3?

Lateral femoral cutaneous

Which nerve arises from L2,3,4 ?

Obturator nerve

Which (Posterior) nerve arises from L2,3,4 ?

Femoral nerve

Which nerve has roots L4-S1?

Superior gluteal nerve, Nerve to quadratus femoris

Which nerves has roots L4-S3?

Sciatic nerve, Tibial nerve, Common fibular (peroneal) nerve

Which nerves has roots L5-S2?…

Inferior gluteal nerve, Nerve to obturator internus

Which nerve has roots S1-S2?

Nerve to piriformis

Which nerve from S1-S3 provides sensation to the posterior thigh?

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

Which nerve has roots S2-S3 and supplies sensation to the skin over the buttocks?

Perforating cutaneous nerve

Which nerve has roots S2,3,4 and supplies the perineum?

Pudendal nerve

Which nerve has roots S4-Co1 and supplies the coccygeal region?

Coccygeal nerve

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Multiaxial ball and socket

The retinacula attaches to the ___.

Intertrochanteric lines

Which ligament is Y-shaped and prevents hip hyperextension?

Iliofemoral ligament

The iliofemoral ligament attaches at the ___ and intertrochanteric line.

AIIS

True or False: The pubofemoral ligament limits hip abduction and extension.

True