APHUG Unit 3

Creole

A Language derived from a pidgin language that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and become the native language of its speakers.

Dialect

A distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to speakers of other dialects of that language, a subtype of a language.

Isogloss

The border of usage of an individual word or pronunciation.

Language family

A group of related languages derived from a common ancestor.

Lingua franca

An existing, well established language of communication and commerce used widely where it is not a mother tongue.

Linguistic diversity

Is simply one which is in wide use as a primary form of communication by a specific group of living people there are 5,000 - 10,000 different types

monolingual

A society's or country's use of only one language of communication for all purposes.

multilingual

The common use of two or more languages in a society or country.

Official language

A governmentally designated language of instruction of government, of the courts, and other official public and private communication.

Pidgin

An auxiliary language derived, with reduced vocabulary and simplified structure, from other languages. Not a native tongue, used for limited communication among people with different languages.

Toponym

The place names of a region or, especially, the study of place names.

Trade language

A language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade

Ethnic religion

A religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it. Such a religion does not seek converts.

fundamentalism

A movement to return to the founding principles of a religion, which can include literal interpretation of sacred texts, or the attempt to follow the ways of a religious founder as closely as possible.

Geomancy

The Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings and cities. Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi in favorable ways.

Hajj

The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad.

Intrafaith boundaries

Boundaries within a single major faith.

Interfaith Boundaries

Boundaries between major faiths

Monotheism

belief in one god

polytheism

believe in many gods

Reincarnation

After this life you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or a human life. So basically what you do in this life will affect what your next life is like.

Religious architectural styles

These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of religious statues.

Religious culture hearth

This is where most religions are born. Most major religions have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too. This is important to HG because where religions are created, civilizations are too.

Religious conflict

This is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects HG because there has been a lot of bloodshed over Religious Conflict

Religious toponym

This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to HG because many names mean significant things including beliefs of cultures

Secularism

The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. A secular state is the opposite of a theocracy.

Sharia Law

The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic Law. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran.

Sunni

Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalism. Believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems and differ from the Shiites.

Shiites

Adherents to a branch of Islam. Also known as Shia, representing the Persian variation believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali.

Theocracy

A state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided, or of a group of religious leaders as in post-Khomeini Iran.

Universalizing religion

religions are open to anyone who wants to join, and they often seek to convert others

Acculturation

The adoption by an ethnic group of enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially.

Assimilation

The complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits.

Cultural appropriation

The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit. Often without acknowledging its significance or history

Cultural identity

is the identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as one is influenced by one's belonging to a group or culture

Cultural landscape

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants.

Culture

A society's collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior and social organizations, together with its tools, structures and artifacts created according to the group's condition of life.

Cultural region

Formal, functional, vernacular (perceptual)-a formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.

Relocation Diffusion

diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves spreading of innovations by immigrants.

Sequent Occupancy

Refers to such cultural succession and its lasting imprint on the landscape

Adaptive strategies

The unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life, food, clothing, shelter and defense.

Architectural form

is both the process and product of planning, designing and constructing form, space and ambience that reflect functional, technical, social and aesthetic considerations

Built Environment

That part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape.

folk culture

The body of institutions, customs, dress, artifacts, collective wisdoms, and traditions of a homogeneous, isolated, largely self-sufficient and relatively static social group.

Material culture

The tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles and technologies.

Nonmaterial culture

The oral traditions, songs and stories of a culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors.

Dowry Death

In the context of arranged marriages, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride.

Enfranchisement

the franchise is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right

infanticide

is the practice of intentionally killing an infant

multiculturalism

is the cultural diversity of communities within a given society and the policies that promote this diversity.

barrio

a ward, quarter, or district of a city or town in a Spanish-speaking country

Cultural shatterbelt

a politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict.

ethnic enclave

a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture

Ethnic group

A group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society.

Ethnic neighborhood

a voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice

ethnicity

affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture

ethnocentrism

Conviction of the evident superiority of one's own ethnic group.

ghetto

A forced or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial ethnic or religious minority.

race

Social construct that identification with a group of people, socially constructed.

Global-local continuum

Emphasizes that what happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales.