Social Psychology - Chapter 4: Social Cognition

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33 Terms

1

Social Cognition

the study of how people combine intuition and logic to process social information

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2

dual processing

the ability to process information using both intuition and logic

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3

Intuition

The ability to know something quickly and automatically; a "gut feeling" that takes little mental effort.

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4

Logic

the ability of humans to use reason

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5

Cognitive load

the amount of information that an individual's thinking systems can handle at one time

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6

Cognitive Load shifting

when an individual's two thinking systems interact by smoothly shifting back and forth between intuition and logic

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7

Memory structures

The cognitive structures that form the mind and organize and interpret social information

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8

Schema

a cognitive framework that places concepts

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9

Script

A memory structure or type of schema that guides common social behaviors and expectations for particular types of events; provide individuals with an order of events for common situations and expectations for others' behavior.

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10

Stereotype

A type of oversimplified and overgeneralized schema that occurs when an individual assumes that everyone in a certain group has the same traits. (also- representativeness heuristic)

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11

Outgroup homogeneity

the perception that all members of a particular outgroup are identical to each other

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12

Cognitive miser

the tendency for humans to take mental shortcuts to minimize cognitive load

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13

Satisficing

A practical solution to the problem of information overload that occurs when an individual takes mental shortcuts to make decisions; criteria are not exhaustively examined but are deemed "good enough" under the circumstances.

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14

Maximizer

an individual who engages a heavier cognitive load by exhaustively examining criteria when making decisions

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15

Magical thinking

Beliefs based on assumptions that do not hold up to reality

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16

counterfactual thinking

the tendency to imagine alternative facts or events that would have led to a different future; imagining "what might have been"

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17

downward counterfactuals

imagining alternatives that are worse than actuality

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18

upward counterfactuals

imagining alternatives that are better than actuality

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19

optimistic bias

the unrealistic expectation that things will turn out well

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20

planning fallacy

the unjustified confidence that one's own project, unlike similar projects, will proceed as planned

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21

principal of parsimony

the tendency for individuals to prefer the simplest answer that explains the most evidence

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22

mental accessibility

the ease with which an idea comes to mind

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23

mental availability

the information already salient in one's mind

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24

semantic network

a collection of mental concepts that are connected by common characteristics

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25

priming

initial activation of a concept within a semantic network that allows related ideas to come more easily to mind

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26

Heuristic

mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world. Fast- but sometimes wrong

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27

Algorithm

a systematic, logical method of searching for a solution to a problem or question. Step by step- slow but often correct.

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28

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Occurs when an individual makes a decision using information within a problem that unduly influences his or her final answer. The tendency to adjust little when a plausible estimate, or anchor, has been provided, despite not knowing whether the information is reliable

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29

availability heuristic

the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind. Occurs when an individual makes a decision using the most easily available information.

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30

representativeness heuristic

occurs when individuals make a decision based on how closely their observations resemble the "typical" case. The tendency to classify observations according to a preexisting typical case and using that process to come to a conclusion (see stereotype).

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31

confirmation bias

occurs when an individual searches for only evidence that will confirm his or her beliefs instead of evidence that might contradict them

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32

hindsight bias

occurs when individuals believe they could have predicted the outcome of a past event but only after they already knew what happened; the false belief that they "knew it all along"

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33

negativity bias

the automatic tendency to notice and remember negative information better than positive information

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