Bacteriology 5.0-5.7

Staphylococcus aureus

• G+

• 1-OPP-Z

• Commensal: humans and many animals

• adhesins, DNAses (penetrate cells), coagulase, biofilm

• Pus, abscess formation - mastitis, toxic shock, UTI

• Coagulase, MALDI-TOF

MRSA

• G+

• 1-OPP-Z

• Commensal: humans and many animals

• adhesins, DNAses (penetrate cells), coagulase, biofilm, resistant to B-lactams

• Pus, abscess formation - mastitis, toxic shock, UTI

• Coagulase, MALDI-TOF

Staphylococcus pseudointermedius

• G+

• 1-OPP-?

• Common opportunist in dogs (can infect cats, dogs, humans, and others)

• adhesins, DNAses (penetrate cells), coagulase, biofilm

• otitis externa in dogs

• Coagulase, MALDI-TOF

MRSP

• G+

• 1-OPP-?

• Common opportunist in dogs (can infect cats, dogs, humans, and others)

• adhesins, DNAses (penetrate cells), coagulase, biofilm, resistant to B-lactams

• otitis externa in dogs

• Coagulase, MALDI-TOF

Greasy pig disease

• Staphylococcus hyicus

• G+

• 3-OPP

• Affects young pigs

• exudative epidermitis

• Coagulase, MALDI-TO3

Strangles

• Streptococcus equi equi

• G+

• 2-PR

• Horses

• Capsule, M-proteins (antiphagocytic), B-haemolysis, Techoic acids

• Stain, culture

Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus

• G+

• 1-OPP-Z

• Horses

• Capsule, M-proteins (antiphagocytic), B-haemolysis, Techoic acids

• Diverse infections: URI pneumonia, urogenital infection, mastitis, foal septicemia

• Stain, culture

Streptococcus agalactiae

• G+

• 2-PR/OBL

• Cattle

• Capsule, M-proteins (antiphagocytic), B-haemolysis, Techoic acids

• Contagious subclinical mastitis

• Stain, culture

Streptococcus suis

• G+

• 2-PR-Z

• PIgs, humans

• Capsule, M-proteins (antiphagocytic), B-haemolysis, Techoic acids

• Septicemia, polyserisitis,pneumonia, arthritis, meningitis

• Stain, culture

Streptococcus canis

• G+

• 2-OPP

• Dogs, cats

• Capsule, M-proteins (antiphagocytic), B-haemolysis, Techoic acids

• UTI, mastitis, external/wound infection, toxic shock, necrotizing fasciitis

• Stain, culture

Enterococcus faecalis

• G+

• 2-OPP

• GIT of humans and animals

• naturally resistant and can easily acquire resistance

• NA

Enterococcus faecium

• G+

• 2-OPP

• GIT of humans and animals

• naturally resistant and can easily acquire resistance, can become resistant to vancomycin

• ESKAPE group, diverse infection

• NA

Anthrax

• Bacillus anthracis

• G+

• 2-OBL-Z-R

• Humans, animals, and soil

• endospore - antiphagocytic, PA (protective antigen-pore forming), EF (edema factor), and LF (lethal factor)

• Sudden death (ruminant), blood at apertures, generalized hemorrhage, marked local edema (dog/pig)

• DO NOT OPEN CARCASS

Bacillus cereus

• G+

• Z

• Humans (from food), animals, water, and soil

• endospore - antiphagocytic, PA (protective antigen-pore forming), EF (edema factor), and LF (lethal factor)

• Sporadic mastitis, abortion; food poisoning in humans

American foulbrood disease

• Paenibacillus larvae

• G+

• Bees

• endospore - antiphagocytic, PA (protective antigen-pore forming), EF (edema factor), and LF (lethal factor)

Listeriosis

• Listeria monocytogenes

• G+

• 2-OPP-Z

• Humans, animals, and soil - widespread in enviro

• adherence, phagocytocis, phagolysome lysis, multiplication in cytoplasm, and movement and transfer to neighboring cells

• Foodborne disease, encephalitis and circling in ruminants, abortion, septicemia, and meningitis (humans)

• Culture, pathology

Truperella pyogenes

• G+

• 1-OPP

• Skin and exposed mucosa of pigs and ruminants

• virulence not understood

• Chronic purulent infections - metritis, bacteremia (endocarditis, abscess, abortion), Foot rot (anerobic w/ Fusobacterium)

• Culture, smear

Lumpy jaw disease

• Actinomyces bovis

• G+

• 2-OPP

• Mouth flora in animals; disease in cattle

• Bacteria forms micro-colonies surrounded by calcified macrophages; branching filaments

• Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis

• Stain

Caseous lymphadenitis

• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

• G+

• 2-PR-Z

• Commensal of mucosa membranes and skin; disease in sheep, goats, and humans

• Intracellular pathogen

• Onion ring lymph node; caseous necrosis

• Serology, whole blood gamma interferon test

Bovine tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium bovis

• weakly G+, acid-fast staining

• 2-OBL-Z-R

• Cattle, humans, other ruminants, horses, pigs, and other animals; wildlife reservoirs

• Intracellular pathogen; uptake into macrophages

• Chronic granulomatous infections, often latent and reactivated

• Tuberculin test at slaughter, acid-fast, DNA ID

• infected animals = culled; humans treated w/ antibiotics for atypical bacteria

Tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• weakly G+, acid-fast staining

• 3-PR-reverse Z

• Humans and primates

• Intracellular pathogen; uptake into macrophages

• Chronic granulomatous infections, often latent and reactivated

• Tuberculin test, acid-fast, DNA ID

Avian tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium avium-intracellare complex, M. avium avium

• weakly G+, acid-fast staining

• 3-PR-Z?

• Birds

• Intracellular pathogen; uptake into macrophages

• Chronic granulomatous infections, disseminates to intestine

Johne’s Diesase or paratuberculosis

• Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

• weakly G+, acid-fast staining

• 1-PR-Z

• Ruminants - through milk, pasture, or in utero; can have asymptomatic shedders

• Intracellular pathogen; uptake into macrophages - localize to intestinal LN

• Chronic granulomatous enteritis, cachexia

• Serology, whole blood gamma interferon, acid fast

• infected animals = culled (sick and shedders)

Fish-tank granuloma

• Mycobacterium marinum

• weakly G+, acid-fast staining

• 3-OPP-Z

• Soil or water acquired infection in humans

• Intracellular pathogen; uptake into macrophages; fast growing

• pyogranulomatous skin lesions in humans (fish fingers)

Rhodococcus equi

• G+, slightly acid-fast

• 2-PR-Z

• Foal, pig, and cattle (with different virulence plasmids) picked up from contaminated soil

• Facultative intracellular pathogen, virulence plasmid; survive in macrophages and downregulates immune response

• Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in foals

• infected via dust inhalation of contaminated soil; often as maternal antibodies fade in foals

• long term cell-penetrating antibiotics

Clostridium perfrigens Type A

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP

• Most strains = Lg intestine commensal, common in many species; widespread environmental

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, alpha toxin (and more depending on strain)

• Hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis in dogs and foals (alpha and netF), abomasitis in calves; can also result in gas gangrene of wound/mastitis (but shouldn’t be outside of GIT = easy to diagnose)

• staining, ELISA, PCR

Lamb dysentery

• Clostridium perfringens Type B

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP

• Lambs (never reported in CA)

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, beta and epsilon toxins

• Hemorrhagic enteritis in neonatal lambs

• staining, ELISA, PCR

Clostridium perfringens type C

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP

• neonatal calves, lambs, foals and piglets

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, beta toxins

• Hemorrhagic necrotic enteritis, neonatal hemorrhagic enterotoxaemia; high morbidity and mortality

• staining, ELISA, PCR

Pulpy kidney disease

• Clostridium perfringens Type D

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP

• Sheep and goats

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, epsilon toxins

• over-eating disease, liquification of the kidneys, encephalomalacia (NO enteritis)

• staining, ELISA, PCR

Clostridium perfringens Type E

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP

• Calves, sheep, and rabbits

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, iota toxins

• Hemorrhagic enteritis

• staining, ELISA, PCR

Clostridium perfringens Type F

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP-Z

• Dogs, pigs, horses and humans

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, CPe toxins

• food poisoning - from protein rich food; diarrhea (often self-limiting)

• staining, ELISA, PCR

Clostridium perfringens Type G

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP

• Chickens

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, NetB toxins

• Necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens

• staining, ELISA, PCR

Clostridium difficile

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR-Z

• Humans, horses, guinea pigs, rabbits

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, 2 toxins: A (enterotoxin/cytotoxin) and B (powerful cytotoxin); grows when flora compromised (ie hospital infection, post-antibiotics)

• Fatal typhlocolitis (cecum and colon) in horses

• ELISA - often glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), difficult to culture

• treatment - replacing flora → probiotics, fecal flora transplant

Black leg

• Clostridium chauvoei (C. septicum and C. noyi → pseudo blackleg)

• G+

• 1-PR

• Muscle of herbivores

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, toxins, resistant to aminoglycosides

• Acute infectious necrotizing myositis, swollen legs, gas under the skin, systemic toxemia; infection via ingestion or wound contamination

• staining, anaerobic culture, fluorescent antibody stain, PCR

Tetanus

• Clostridium tetani

• G+, anaerobe

• 1-PR

• Deep wound infections; horses most susceptible, then humans, than all other animals

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, production of tetanospasmin and tetanolysin toxins

• Spastic paralysis → toxin = uninhibited firing of motor neuron = spasms

• symptomatic treatment; prevention with vaccination, toxoid

Botulism

• Clostridium botulinum

• G+, anaerobe

• 2-PR

• Intoxication from food, rarely wound infection; most species

• fastest growing bacteria known, spore-forming, production of botulinum toxin (most potent known, 1 microgram can be fatal)

• Flaccid paralysis; blocks presynaptic release of ACh in periphery

• symptomatic, toxin test (inject in mouse > ELISA), PCR

Escherichia coli

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP-Z

• Commensal in Lg intestine (most strains non-pathogenic)

• naming: H = flagellum, K = capsule, O = LPS, F = fimbria/pilus

• nothing → enteritis, opportunistically - wound infection, mastitis, pyometra, endometritis, otitis externa, (depends on pathovar)

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-PR

• Strongly host-specific, pigs, humans (each have own strain)

• adhesin (pili), enterotoxins (STI = NaCl secretion, STII = increase Ca → increased Na and Cl secretion, LT = irreversible Cl secretion and decrease Na absorption)

• naming: H = flagellum, K = capsule, O = LPS, F = fimbria/pilus

• watery diarrhea (loss of electrolytes → loss of water), no local inflammation, death; associated with neonatal watery diarrhea and Traveler’s diarrhea in humans)

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 2-PR

• adhesin (intimin, A/E protein)

• naming: H = flagellum, K = capsule, O = LPS, F = fimbria/pilus

• diarrhea, damaged microvilli, no systemic or toxemia phase

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars

Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP-Z

• Shiga toxin production - 2 types EHEC and Porcine STEC

• naming: H = flagellum, K = capsule, O = LPS, F = fimbria/pilus

• diarrhea

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-PR-Z

• adhesin (intimin, pili) + shiga toxin

• naming: H = flagellum, K = capsule, O = LPS, F = fimbria/pilus

• Localized of systemic toxic damage; attaches to the microvilli and causes effacement → intimate attachment → destruction and bloody diarrhea

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars, PCR

Porcine Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (Porcine STEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-PR/OPP??

• Fimbriae, Shiga toxin (STX-2e)

• edema disease and enteritis

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars, PCR

Extraintestinal E. coli (ExPEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-OPP-Z

• Adhesins (pili/fimbriae), LPS, siderophores (iron scavenging), capsule

• adapted to urinary tract infections, coliform mastitis, ascending infection from fecal contamination

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars, PCR

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-OPP-Z

• Fimbriae, LPS, capsule

• septicemia and cellulitis; death/condemnation

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars, PCR

Septicemic E.coli (SEPEC)

• G-, aerobe/facultative anaerobe

• 1-OPP-Z???

• Fimbriae, LPS, capsule

• septicemia - predisposed → wound, decreased or inability to make antibodies

• MacConkey agar (lactose fermenters, inhibits G+ and fungi), pathotyping (sequencing for virulence genes) → pathovars, PCR

Klebsiella spp

• K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca

• G-, aerobe

• 3-OPP

• lactose fermenter, capsule

• septicemia and cellulitis; death/condemnation

• pneumoniae: horse - pneumonia, cattle - mastitis, Sm ani - UTI; oxytoca: hemorrhagic enterocolitis - humans and animals

• ESKAPE group

Enterobacter spp.

• E. cloacae, E. aerogenes

• G-, aerobe

• 3-OPP

• lactose fermenter, capsule

• septicemia and cellulitis; death/condemnation

• ESKAPE group

Salmonella enterica (various subspecies and serotypes)

• G-, aerobe

• 1-PR-Z

• found in Lg intestine of carrier, survives in the enviro; only normal flora in reptiles

• non-lactose fermenter, spv genes, fimbriae, capsule, LPS, pathogenicity islands (SPIs): SPI-1: enterocytes uptake → apoptosis and inflammation, secretory diarrhea; SPI-2: survival in macrophages

• diarrhea (severe inflammation), septicemia (shock, death, abortion)

• 1 main spp, 6 subsp, many servovars - some highly host adapted (systemic, septicemia) and some not (gastroenteritis)

• naming: H - antigen (bi-phasic), O - polysaccharide of LPS

• Serovars: Human (Typhi), horse (CARRIER), pigs (choleraesuis, typhimurium), cattle (dublin, typhimurium, newport), poultry (pulorum, gallinarum, enteritidis, heidelberg, and kentucky), reptiles (CARRIER)

• Lactose fermentation, PCR, Serology; selective media for feces: liguid enrichment and selective indicator

Yersinia spp

• 3-PR-Z

• Y. pestis: Bubonic plague (rat or ground squirrel born, flea spread)

• Y. enterocolitica (pork, tonsils

Proteus spp.

• 3-OPP

• P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis

• non-lactose fermenting

• otitis externa, urinary tract infection; common post-mortem contaminant

• susceptible to more AMD

Pasteurella multocida type A

• G-, facultative anaerobic

• 1-OPP/PR-Z

• capsule, adhesin, iron-acquisition, toxin (PMT), endotoxin

• Fowl cholera (septicemia birds), suppurative bronchopneumonia (swine, cattle), rabbit snuffles complex (otitis, rhinitis, septicemia, pneumonia, abscess)

Pasteurella multocida type D

• G-, facultative anaerobic

• 1-OPP/PR-Z

• capsule, adhesin, iron-acquisition, toxin (PMT), endotoxin

• atrophic rhinitis of swine → URI, PMT toxins

Mannheimia haemolytica

• G-

• 1-OPP→PR

• fimbriae, capsule, leukotoxin RTX toxin → kill alveolar macrophages and neutrophils

• main pathogen in BRDC/shipping fever

• infection of the URT (nasopharynx and tonsils)

• PCR, serology, antibody

Actinbacillus pleuropneumoniae

• G-, fastidious

• 2-OPP-PR

• commensal in tonsils of swine

• 4 types of RTX toxins (called Apx toxins), most virulent express ApxI and ApxII (all produce ApxIV)

• hemorrhagic fibrinous pleuropneumonia

• DO NOT MIX PIGS OF DIFFERENT SEROLOGICLA STATUS (antibodies are from maternal and specific to serotype exposed to)

Actinobacillus suis

• G-, fastidious

• 2-OPP

• commensal in tonsils of swine

• 4 types of RTX toxins (called Apx toxins), most virulent express ApxI and ApxII (all produce ApxIV), LPS, and capsule

• septicemia and pneumonia

Glaesserella parasuis

• G-

• 2-OPP/PR

• blood-loving, catalase positive, fastidious, slow growing

• common commensal of mucosa in URT

• polyserositis, polyarthritis, meningitis, pneumonia

• vaccine to prevent

Histophilus somni

• G-

• 3-OPP

• blood-loving, fastidious

• common commensal of genital tract of cattle and sheep

• cattle: septicemia and purulent bronchopneumonia, meningo-encephalitis, pneumonia, myocardial abscess, endometritis, BRDC; sheep: septicemia, polyarthritis, mastitis

• vaccine to prevent

Bordetella bronchiseptica

• G-, fastidious

• 2-PR-Z (immunocompromised)

• found in URT/nose of carriers

• attaches to cilia and toxins destroy cilia → ciliostasis; apoptosis of neutrophils

• persistent tracheal inflammation → persistent coughing

• infectious tracheobronchitis, kennel cough (cats and dogs); atrophic rhinitis predisposition, pneumonia (pigs); URI, tracheobronchitis (rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, horses)

• vaccine to prevent

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

• Taylorella equigenitalis

• G-

• 2-PR-R

• specific transport medium

• genital tract of healthy carrier mare/stallions

• temporary infertility in mares

• culture and PCR