Bio BS

Elements in Carbohydrate?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Elements in Protein?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (sulfur)

Elements in Lipid?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Phosphorous)

Elements in Nucleic Acids

CHONP

Monomer of Carbohydrate?

Monosaccharides (Glucose)

Monomer of Protein

Amino acid

Monomer of Lipid

Fatty acid or glycerol

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotide

Polymer of Carbohydrate

Polysaccharide

Polymer of Protein

Polypeptide

Polymer of Lipid

Phospholipid, Triglyceride

Polymer of Nucleic acid

Polynucleotide

Specific parts of protein

Amino group on left, central carbon, carboxyl group on right, variable R-group on bottom, Hydrogen atom on top

Bonds involved in Carbohydrate?

Glycosidic

Bonds involved in Lipid

Polar bond on hydrophilic head, nonpolar bond on hydrophobic tail. Ester bond

Bonds involved in protein

Peptide bond

Bonds involved in Nucleic acid

Covalent bond along backbone, 2 hydrogen bonds between A-T, 3 hydrogen bonds between G-C. Phosphodiester

Primary protein structure bond

Covalent peptide bond

Secondary protein structure bond

Hydrogen bond

Tertiary protein structure bond

Ionic + Hydrogen

Quaternary protein structure bond

Ionic + Hydrogen

Shape of Carbohydrate

Linear or branched

Shape of Lipid

Linear or bent

Shape of Protein

Primary (linear)

Secondary (Helix + Pleated sheet)

Tertiary (Globular + Fibrous)

Quaternary (Multiple 3D chains)

Shape of Nucleic Acid

DNA - Double Helix

RNA - Single Helix

What process brings Macromolecules together

Dehydration Synthesis

What process breaks macromolecules apart?

Hydrolysis (OH and H ion added between molecules)

How does water affect lipids

Water forces lipids apart because the hydrophobic tails cannot interact with water. Hydrolysis breaks apart the ester bonds connecting glycerol and fatty acids,

How does water affect protein

Allows for protein to keep its 3D shape because protein folds when surrounded by water to protect its hydrophobic parts, while the hydrophilic parts remain on the outside. Hydrophobic collapse.

How does water affect carbohydrates

Simple sugars are dissolved in water because water forms hydrogen bonds with their polar hydroxyl groups, which pulls individual sugar molecules apart.

How does water affect nucleic acids

Hydrophobic stacking (hydrophobic bases stack neatly on the inside of molecule and leave the polar backbone exposed) helps forms double helix of DNA.