Functional Anatomy

terminology; planes

Anterior

Toward the front of the body

Posterior

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from then midline of the body

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Away from the head

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body

Profundus

Away from the surface of the body

Proximal

Nearer the origin/point of attachment

Distal

Away from the origin of the extremity

Sagittal Plane

Dividing the body into left and right halves (frontal axis)

Frontal Plane

Dividing the body into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) portions (sagittal axis)

Transverse Plane

Dividing the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions (vertical axis)

Abd

from (away)

Add

Toward to

Arthro

Joint

Chondro

Cartilage

Medi

Towards the middle

Infra

Below

Inter

Between

Linea

Line

Sub

Under

Supra

Above

Sym

Together

Trans

Across, through

Itis

Inflammation

Brachial

Arm

Head

Articulating - Rounded, articular projection supported by a neck (head of humerus)

Condyle

Articulating - Large, knuckle-like, articular projection (medial condyle of femur)

Facet

Articulating - Smooth, flat surface (superior and inferior articulating facets of the vertebrae)

Epicondyle

Non-articulating - Smaller projection above condyle (attachment site for muscles and ligaments; medial epicondyle of femur)

Trochanter

Non-articulating - Blunt projection (only on femur; greater and lesser trochanters of femur)

Tubercle

Non-articulating - small knob-like, rounded process (greater tubercle of humerus)

Tuberosity

Non-articulating - large, often rounded, usually roughened process (attachment spot; tibial tuberosity)

Crest

Non-articulating - prominent border or ridge (iliac crest)

Spine

Non-articulating - Sharp, slender process (spinous process of a vertebra)

Sagital Axis

Horizontally from the front to the back (frontal plane)

Frontal Axis

horizontally from side to side (sagittal plane)

Vertical Axis

Perpendicular from the ground (transverse plane)

Movements in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis

Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the knee; dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the ankle; forward/backward bending; nutation/counternutation

Movements in the frontal plane about the sagittal axis

Abduction and adduction of the leg; lateral flexion of neck or truck; radial deviation/ulna deviation; inversion/eversion of foot

Movements in the transverse plane about a vertical axis

external (lateral) and internal (medial) rotation; abduction/adduction of foot; axis rotation

Range of Motion (RoM)

the measurement of the flexibility

Active RoM

The voluntary movement of the joint (internal and external rotation) by patient

Passive RoM

The movement being assisted by an externally applied force (physical therapists perform RoM on a postoperative total knee replacement)

Grade 0

No contraction or muscle movement

Grade 1

Trace of contraction, but no movement at the joint

Grade 2

Movement of the joint with gravity eliminated

Grade 3

Movement against gravity, but not against added resistance

Grade 4

Movement against external resistance, but less than normal

Grade 5

Normal strength

RoM Ankle

• dorsiflexion: 0-20 degrees

• Plantarflexion: 0-50 degrees

• Inversion: 0-35 degrees

• Eversion: 0-15 degrees

RoM Foot

• Hallux Extension: 0-70 degrees

• Hallux Flexions: 0-45 degrees

RoM Hip

• Flexion: 0-120 degrees

• Extension: 0-20 degrees

• Abduction: 0-40 degrees

• Adduction: 0-20 degrees

• External Rotation: 0-45 degrees

• Internal Rotations: 0-45 degrees

RoM Knee

• Flexion: 0-135 degrees

• Extension: 135-20 degrees

RoM Shoulder

• Flexion: 0-180 degrees

• Extension: 0-60 degrees

• Abduction: 0-180 degrees

• External Rotation: 0-90 degrees

• Internal Rotation: 0-70 degrees

RoM Elbow

• Flexion: 0-150 degrees

• Extension: 150-0 degrees

RoM Forearm

• Pronation: 0-80 degrees

• Supination: 0-80 degrees

RoM Wrist

• Flexion: 0-80 degrees

• Extension: 0-70 degrees

• Ulnar Deviation: 0-30 degrees

• Radial Deviation: 0-20 degrees

RoM Hand

• Thumb Extension: 0-15 degrees

• Thumb Flexion: 0-20 degrees

• Thumb Abduction: 0-70 degrees

• MCP Flexion: 0-90 degrees

• MCP Extension: 0-45 degrees

• IP Flexion: 0-80 degrees

• IP Extension: 0-20 degrees