HEmatology CH. 4

Describe the structure, composition, and general function of cell membranes

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Describe the structure, composition, and function of components of the nucleus, including staining qualities visible by light microscopy

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Describe the structure, composition, and general function of cytoplasmic organelles, including staining qualities visible by light microscopy, if applicable

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Describe the general structure and function of the hematopoietic microenvironment and the effect of growth factors.

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Describe general types of receptor signaling mechanisms that induce specific biologic responses in cells

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Associate the stages of the cell cycle with activities of the cell.

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Describe the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in cell cycle regulation.

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Discuss the function of checkpoints in the cell cycle and where in the cycle they occur

Five Checkpoints

• Restriction point

• G1 DNA damage checkpoint

• S-phase DNA damage and completion of replication checkpoint

• G2 DNA damage checkpoint

• Metaphase checkpoint - Mitosis

Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis.

Necrosis

• uncontrolled cell death from severe external injury

• it involves swollen organelles, chromatin clumping/dissolution (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis), and a pink (eosinophilic) cytoplasm, often in groups of cells with inflammatory cells nearby

• energy failure, calcium overload, oxidative stress, protease/lipase activation, and lysosomal rupture, leading to enzymatic breakdown and tissue damage

Apoptosis

• programmed cell death

• cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation (pyknosis), nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and formation of membrane-bound apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed without inflammation

• Triggered by intrinsic (internal stress, DNA damage) or extrinsic (external death signals via receptors like Fas) pathways

What are the three basic parts of a cell?

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How do they stain using Wright-stain smear?

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What are the three components of the nucleus?

What is the main constituent found in the

nucleus? How does it stain?

What is the main constituent found in the

nucleolus? How does it stain?

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What are the organelles found in the cytoplasm?

What is the function of each?

What cells are involved in the hematopoietic

microenvironment?

What is the cell cycle and how is it regulated?

What are the differences between cell death by

necrosis and apoptosis?