GEOL 102 Test 1 Review

rocks are … of …

aggregates or mixtures / minerals and “junk”

matter/stuff

element and compound

particle terms

atom and molecule

top 2 elements making up earth’s geosphere/lithosphere

oxygen- 47% and Si at 28%

3 ways minerals form in nature

precipitation, crystallization, or biological precipitation

what percent of minerals are silicates

92%

single mineral in greatest abundance

quartz

largest group of silicates/ china, ceramics, porcelain, and glass

feldspar

one of the oldest metals used, electric wire

copper

placer deposits, hardest mineral, kimberlite pipes

diamond

blue dye, in clean energy tech, superalloy → jets, magnetic

cobalt

jewelry, money, art, electronic

gold

bauxite, used in packaging, recyclable, most abundant metal in earth’s crust

aluminum

flame retardant in textiles, fireworks/ from stibnite

antimony

used in gas pumps as it won’t spark, elasticity, Utah

beryllium

South Africa, used in stainless steel and tanning leather

chromium

used in high tech devices, lights/ LED displays/ wind turbine magnets

rare earths

white pigment, eyeglass frames, strong, sports equipment

titanium

clay, coats paper, in tummy meds

kaolinite

cell phone, laptop, electric car batteries

lithium

micronutrient, galvanized steel

zinc

highly reflective native mineral/ used for jewelry and mirrors

silver

minerals from placer/ stream deposits

gold, diamond, and platinum,

most minerals for cell phone production come from…

china

most of the atom’s mass is in the …

nucleus = protons + neutrons

first steps from prospect to production of minerals

exploration and extraction

catalytic converters, chemotherapy, dentistry/ rare high density metal

platinum

soft mineral that can be cut into thin strips/cosmetics, baby power, paint, and paper/ lifting fingerprints

talc

air, water, land/minerals/rocks, and life

atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere

energy driving the system: externally… and internally…

sun and earth’s heat engine

element

simplest forms of matter

atom

smallest particle of an element

compound

formed when 2 or more elements are chemically bonded

molecule

smallest particle of a compound

polymorphs and exmaples

minerals with the same chemical compound but different crystalline structures/ ex: diamond and graphite

ore mineral group for iron and aluminum

oxides

ore mineral group for lead and copper

sulfides

mineral used in construction- plaster, drywall

sulphates

mineral making up our bones and teeth

phosphates

table salt comes from the mineral…

halide

major carbonate mineral

carbonates

geology- the study of the ___ aspects of earth, describing its ____, behavior, and ___

natural, composition, and history

stewardship

collaborative management of the environment

the #1 environmental problem

population growth

3 ways world’s population will go extinct

overpopulation, environmental destruction, and climate change

what two things has caused an increase in flood hazards and slope failures

urbanization and deforestation

most of the ___+ minerals are ___ combinations of 2 or more ____ chemically bonded (____) while only a few are ___ elements, made of one kind of atom

4000, natural, elements, compounds, native

how many elements made up over 88% of earth’s crust

8

silicates are the ___ group of minerals

largest

ore

any mineral minded for profit

comes from trona, green river/ used in glass and tie-dye

soda ash

polymorphs of carbon

graphite and diamond

essential in steel production/ 80% comes from South Africa and Ukraine

manganese

mineral group used to fight flesh eating bacteria

healing clay

used in construction materials like drywall

gypsum

what 2 minerals are in sunscreen

zinc and titanium

what two minerals are NOT native minerals (made with something else)

iron and aluminum

every american baby will need… million pounds of minerals (2024)

3.06

geology is interconnected with all other sciences →

geo-science

the choices people make are influencing earth’s …

environmental health

mineral characteristics

solid, inorganic, natural, and have their own internal structure