Feeds quiz one

Nutrition

A series of processes which transforms food elements into body tissues and activity

Nutrient

Any chemical substance used and is necessary for maintenance, production, and the health of an animal

Digestion

A combination of any mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic processes in the GI tract to prepare for absorption by reducing particle size and increasing water solubility

Absorption

Passage or movement of the end products of digestion (nutrients) through the wall of the GI tract to general circulation (mainly blood)

Distribution

Movement of nutrients from absorption site to various cells in the body via blood stream

Metabolism

Sum of all physical and chemical processes by which living, organized substances is produced and maintained

*anabolism

*catabolism

Anabolism

Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted to more complex compounds by living cells

Catabolism

Any destructive process by which more complex compounds are converted to more simple compounds by living cells

Excretion

The removal from the body of unusable materials and waste products of metabolism

What is the primary route of excretion?

Urine

Feedstuff

Any material, natural or synthetic, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them

May or may not contain all nutrients required by the animal

Examples of natural feedstuffs

Corn

Wheat

Barely

Oats

Examples of natural processed feedstuffs

Soybean Meal

Alfalfa meal

Wheat bran

corn gluten feed

Examples of synthetic feedstuffs

Crystalline amino acids (Methionine, Lysine HCL)

Vitamins (Vit. B12, Thiamine HCL)

Diet

A combination of feedstuffs used to supply nourishment to the animal

Ration

Amount of diet consumed by an animal in a 24-hr period (or otherwise specified time period)

Supplement

Feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal

*Vitamins, protein, minerals

Concentrate

Feedstuffs which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber

Roughage

Feedstuffs containing more than 18% crude fiber

Different ways to analyze feedstuffs

1. Sampling

2. Proximate Analysis

3. NIRS

4. Vitamin Analysis

How to obtain correct samples of

1. Grain

2. Hay

3. Silage

1. While filling/emptying sacks/bins

2. Use a drill core to obtain sample from middle of bale

3. Collect while feeding and freeze samples immediately (Adding new samples on top)

What is included in proximate analysis?

1. Water

2. Ash

3. Crude protein

4. ether extract

5. Crude fiber

6. N Free extract

What is the equation for CP?

%N x 6.25

• protein averages 16%N

What nutrient class is not included in proximate analysis? How do you find it?

Carbohydrates

CHO = CF + NFE

3 types of fiber and their digestibility

Hemicellulose- most digestible

Cellulose

Lignin- Least digestible

What is dry matter basis?

No water is the feedstuffs

What is as-fed basis?

Feedstuffs has all the water normally present

What is air-dry basis?

Feedstuffs is ~90% DM

Proximate analysis does not account for what other parts of feedstuffs?

1. Palatability

2. Digestibility

3. Toxicity

4. Nutritional Adequacy

As fed to DM

1. Nutrient concentration increases

2. Weight decreases

DM to as fed

1. Nutrient concentration decreases

2. Weight increases

Apparent digestibility equation

(Nut. intake - Nut. feces/ Nut. intake) x 100

Characteristics of an ideal marker

1. Inert

2. Will not diffuse

3. Does not contain any element under investigation

Equation for digestibility when using an indicator

Adjustment periods for digestibility trials

Monogastrics- 3-5 days

Ruminants- 8-10 days

TDN equation

100 x (dig. CP + dig. CF + dig. NFE + (2.25 x dig. EE)/ lbs consumed

Limitations of TDN

does not account for energy loss in the forms of

1. urine

2. gas

3. heat

What is a calorie?

The amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C at 1 atm

Gross energy → digestible energy

Fecal loss

Digestible energy → metabolizable energy

urinary loss

Gaseous loss (ruminants only)

Metabolizable energy → net energy

Heat loss

Net energy is divided into ____

Maintenance and production

Physical evaluation of feedstuffs

1. Color

2. % leaves

3. Contamination

4. Smell