Neural Bases in CMDS - Unit One Quiz

where does the nervous system develop from?

ectoderm

what does the ectoderm transform into?

neural plate

how does the neural tube form?

the ectoderm folds and the edges form the neural tube

what is an example of a posterior neuropore neural tube defect?

spina bifida

how many types of spina bifida are there?

3

what are the types of spina bifida?

myelomeningocele, meningocele, and occulta

how many progressive and regressive events shape the brain structure and its functions?

8

what are the progressive events?

proliferation, migration, aggregation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination

what are the regressive events?

neuron death and synapse rearrangement

what do stem cells generate in the early stages of proliferation?

neuroblasts

what type of division do stem cells undergo in the later stages of proliferation?

specific asymmetrical division

in the later stages of proliferation, what do stem cells change from making?

neurons to glial cells

what are glial cells?

non-neural cells that support, protect, and regulate neurons

what role do glial cells play?

in brain development, immune defense, and synaptic function

what is migration?

a collection of glial cells that act as guide wires for neuron migration

what is differentiation?

a point where cells become fixed postmitotic and specialized

what is aggregation?

when alike neurons move together and form layers

what is synaptogenesis?

where axons form synapse with other neurons or tissues

what is neuron death?

where neurons fail to make optimal synapses

what does neuron death lead to?

to synapse rearrangement

what happens to active synapses during synapse rearrangement?

likely to take up neurotrophic factor that maintains synapse

what happens to inactive synapses during synapse rearrangement?

they get too little trophic factor to remain stable, leading to their deletion

what is myelination?

nerve fibers are coated with fatty insulation

why is it important for myelination to happen?

it increases speed and efficiency of signal transmission

where do genes reside?

on chromosomes

where do chromosomes reside?

in the nucleus of the cell

what are the types of somatic cell division?

mitosis and meiosis

what happens during mitosis?

a mother cell divides and forms two genetically identical daughter cells

what happens during meiosis?

cell division occurs twice, resulting in four cells that contain a single copy of each chromosome

what is ventral induction?

neurodevelopmental period when face and brain develop out of superior end of the neural tube

what is the prosencephalon?

the forebrain

what does the prosencephalon develop into?

telencephalon and diencephalon

what is the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

what is the telencephalon?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulbs

what is the corpus callosum?

band of fibers that connect the hemispheres and allows for them to communicate with each other

what is the mesencephalon?

the midbrain

what is the rhombencephalon?

the hindbrain

what does the hindbrain develop into?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

what does the metencephalon become?

pons and cerebellum

what does the myelencephalon?

medulla oblongata