ANAT 5010 - unit 16

right and left atria

receive blood; thin walled (low pressure); superior and posterior

right and left ventricles

pump blood; thick walled (high pressure); inferior and anterior

apex

anterior, inferior, and leftward pointing tip of the heart

diaphragmatic surface

inferior aspect of ventricles

base

posterior aspect of atria

right atria

receives deoxygenated blood from body through superior and inferior vena cava

right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs out through pulmonary trunk, which terminally branches into pulmonary arteries

left atria

receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood out to body through aorta

tricuspid valve

between right atrium and right ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

bicuspid (mitral) valve

between left atrium and left ventricle

aortic semilunar valve

between left ventricle and ascending aorta

- superior vena cava

- inferior vena cava

- coronary sinus

what does deoxygenated blood return to the heart through?

auricle

externally projecting pocket of the heart

pectinate muscle

rough muscle on internal surface of lateral wall of the heart

fossa ovalis

depression in wall between atria; remnant of fetal foramen ovale

foramen ovale

fetal precursor of fossa ovalis; shunt to bypass fetal lungs

ductus arteriosus

fetal precursor of ligamentum arteriosum; shunt to bypass fetal lungs

crista terminalis

internal ridge between rough pectinate muscle and smooth septal wall

- cusps (flaps)

- chordae tendineae (connecting strings)

- papillary muscles (contraction prevents prolapse of cusps into atria)

what are the components of AV valves?

trabecular carneae

rough bundles of muscles on internal walls of ventricles (thick on right side, thin on left side)

moderator band

tissue running from interventricular septum to anterior papillary muscle; carries fibers of right bundle branch of cardiac conduction system

cardiac outflow tract

smooth-walled region just inferior to the pulmonary SL valve

- left superior pulmonary vein

- left inferior pulmonary vein

- right superior pulmonary vein

- right inferior pulmonary vein

how does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

ascending aorta

blood flows through the aortic SL valve into the -

septum

internal wall between left and right heart; contains structures of cardiac conduction system

1. SA node

2. AV node

3. bundle of his

4. bundle branches

5. purkinje fibers

what is the sequence of cardiac conduction?

SA node

pacemaker; specialized myocytes generate impulses

AV node

regulates timing by slowing signal from SA node, allowing atria to contract and fill ventricles with blood

bundle of his

passage through which impulse propagates from atria to ventricles

bundle branches

carry signal through interventricular septum toward apex

purkinje fibers

activate ventricular myocardium

coronary sulci

superficial grooves on the heart; contain coronary vessels

right coronary artery

emerges from base of ascending aorta; courses inferiorly, then wraps posteriorly within right atrioventricular sulcus

left coronary artery

emerges from base of ascending aorta; short; terminally branches after ~1 inch

- sinoatrial nodal artery

- right marginal artery

- posterior interventricular artery

what are the major branches of the right coronary artery?

sinoatrial nodal artery

wraps around superior vena cava to supply SA node

right marginal artery

courses along edge of heart toward apex

posterior interventricular artery

terminal branch of RCA; turns 90 degrees to run down the posterior interventricular sulcus

- anterior interventricular artery

- circumflex artery

- left marginal artery

what are the major branches of the left coronary artery?

anterior interventricular artery

terminal branch of LCA; travels down anterior interventricular sulcus

circumflex artery

terminal branch of LCA; courses posteriorly within left AV sulcus

left marginal artery

a branch of the circumflex artery

anterior interventricular artery

what supplies blood to the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum?

coronary sinus

large collecting vein located in the posterior atrioventricular sulcus; drains directly into the right atria

- greater cardiac vein

- middle cardiac vein

- small cardiac vein

what are the major tributaries of the coronary sinus?

greater cardiac vein

travels with the anterior interventricular artery

middle cardiac vein

travels with the posterior interventricular artery

small cardiac vein

travels with the right marginal artery

anterior cardiac veins

multiple small veins over the anterior surface of the right ventricle; cross superficially to the right coronary artery; drain directly into the right atrium

trachea

"windpipe"; inferior continuation of larynx; terminally bifurcates at TV5; made up of C shaped cartilaginous discs

carina

internal cartilaginous ridge; rises superiorly from terminal bifurcation of the trachea into the primary bronchi

- right: wider, shorter, more vertical; enters lungs at TV5

- left: narrow, longer, more oblique; enters lungs at TV6

how would you describe the right and left primary bronchi?

- right: superior, middle, inferior

- left: superior, inferior

how are the secondary bronchi split on the right and left sides?

- right: 10

- left: 8-10

how many tertiary bronchi are there on the right and left sides?

- apical

- posterior

- anterior

- superior lingular (left only)

- inferior lingular (left only)

how is the superior lobe of the tertiary bronchi split?

- medial

- lateral

how is the middle lobe of the right tertiary bronchi split?

- superior

- medial basal

- anterior basal

- lateral basal

- posterior basal

how is the inferior lobe of the tertiary bronchi split?

pleura

serous membrane that surrounds the lungs; split into the parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)

- costal

- diaphragmatic

- cervical

- mediastinal

what are the zones of the parietal pleura?

- intercostal nerve to costal

- phrenic nerve to diaphragmatic and mediastinal

what provides sensory innervation to the parietal pleura?

- reduce friction during movement

- exert negative pressure to keep lungs inflated

what is the function of pleura?

pneumothorax

air enters pleural cavity, collapses lung

pleural effusion

fluid enters pleural cavity; lung does not collapse, but shrinks

root of the lung

collection of tubes connecting lungs to contents of mediastinum

hilum

region on medial surface of lung through which root passes

pulmonary ligament

fold of pleura; extends inferiorly from root of lung

- right: superior, inferior, middle

- left: superior and inferior

how are the lungs split into lobes?

- right: horizontal separating superior lobe from middle and inferior lobe; oblique separating inferior lobe from middle and superior

- left: oblique separating superior from inferior

how do the fissures on the lungs split the lobes?

hila

area where the root of the lungs enters the parenchyma

- one bronchus is posterior

- one pulmonary artery (superior to bronchus on L lung, anterior to bronchus on R lung)

- two pulmonary veins that are anterior and inferior

what is the spatial arrangement of the hilum?

lingula

inferior extension of superior lobe of the left lung; "tongue shaped"

cardiac notch

cut away from anterior margin of superior lobe of the left lung

deoxygenated

pulmonary arteries

oxygenated

pulmonary veins

bronchial arteries

supply smooth muscle of bronchi, walls of large blood vessels, glands, and visceral pleura

- supplied by two bronchial arteries

- arises from thoracic aorta

what does the left bronchial tree arise from and what supplies it?

- supplied by one bronchial artery

- arises from third right posterior intercostal space

what does the right bronchial tree arise from and what supplies it?

deep plexus pathway

network of lymph nodes and vessels that follow major bronchi out of lungs

superficial plexus pathway

network of node-less lymphatic vessels within visceral pleura