Chapter 11: Nervous System II

Meninges are?

membranes that protect brain and spinal cord;
lie between bone and soft tissues of nervous system

Meninges consist of three layers which are?

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

The dura mater (outer layer) consist of?

tough/dense CT

dural sinuses

epidural space

Arachnoid mater (middle layer) consist of?

web-like

barachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Pia mater (inner layer) consist of?

attached to surface of brain and spinal cord

contains blood vessels and nerves

nourishes CNS

CSF is produced in?

4 ventricles, interconnected cavities
within cerebral hemispheres, and brainstem

Interventricular foramina connects?

third to lateral ventricles

Cerebral aqueduct (carries water) connects the?

third and fourth ventricles

Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by what?

choroid plexuses and special capillaries of pia mater covered by ependymal cells

Cerebrospinal fluid does what?

provides nutrients and protection of CNS neurons

After exchanging substances CSF is adsorbed by the?

arachnoid granulations

The brain contains centers/performs for functions:

centers for sensory functions, sensation and perceptions, motor commands, mental functions, coordination, regulation, and personality

Major portions of the adult brain consists of?

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

true or false: cerebrum is the largest part of the brain?

true

Cerebral hemispheres has?

2 halves seperated by falx cerebri

Corpus callosum connects?

cerebral hemispheres

Gyri is what?

ridges or convolutions

Sulci is?

shallow grooves in surface

What are fissures?

deep grooves in surface

5 lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

insula

Cerebral cortex is?

thin layer of gray matter which makes up outermost layer of all outer lobes of the cerebrum

White matter of cerebrum is?

lies under cerebral cortex and makes up most of the cerebrum

White matter of cerebrum contains what?

bundles of myelinated axons that connect
neuron cell bodies in cerebral cortex to other portions of
nervous system

Cerebral cortex is responsible for?

higher mental functions

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

interpreting impulses from sensory organs

voluntary movements

store info

retrive info

reasoning

intelligence and info

The cerebral cortex can be divided into?

sensory, association and motors areas (some overlap)

Sensory areas of the cortex consists of?

cutaneous sensory, sensory speech, visual, auditory, sensory for smell and taste

Cutaneous (skin):

parietal lobe

Speech:

temporal/parietal lobe

Visual:

occipital lobe

Auditory:

temporal lobe

Taste:

central sulcus

Smell:

deep within temporal lobes

Association area (widespread through cerebral cortex)is?

regions that are not primarily motor or sensory

connects to each other and other structure of brain

What does association area do?

analyze and interpret sensory experiences and provides memory, reasoning, verbilization, judgement, and emotions

Frontal lobe association does what?

concentrating, planning, complex problem solving

deals with emotional behavior, judging consequences

Parietal lobe association does what?

understanding speech and choosing words to express thought and feelings

Temporal lobe does?

interpret complex sensory experiences (understanding speech, reading)

store memories of visual scenes (music, complex patterns)

Occipital lobe does?

analyze and combine visual images with other sensory experiences

Insula does?

translating sensory information into proper emotional responses

Primary motor areas (motor cortex):

frontal lobes

control voluntary muscles

most nerve fibers cross over in brainstem

Broco’s areas:

anterior to primary motor cortex

usually in left hemispheres

controls muscles needed for speech

frontal eye field;

above broca’s area

controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids

Hemisphere dominance consist of?

dominant hemisphere and non-dominant hemisphere

Wha does the dominant hemisphere control?

language skills of speech, writing, and reading

verbal, analytical, and computional skills

Non-dominant hemishpheres controls what?

nonverbal tasks

motor tasks involving orientation in space

understanding and interpreting music and visual patterns

Memory is the consequence of learning and also involves?

persistence of learning

2 types of memory is?

short term (working) and long term

Short term is?

neurons connected in a circuit and circuit is stimulated over and over

When impulse flow ceases memory does also unless if enters long term memory which is?

memory consolidation

Long term memory is?

changes structure or function of neurons, makes new synaptic connections by increases branching of processes

Long-term potentiation:

increase in neurotransmitter release and effectiveness of synaptic transmission upon repeated stimulation

Basal nuclei is a ganglion in a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the?

peripheral nervous system

Basal nuclei consists of?

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Diencephalon is between the?

cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem

What type of matter is diencephalon composed of?

gray matter

Portions of the diencephalon:

thalamus, hypothalamus, optic tracts, optic chiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituitary, mammillary bodies, pineal gland

Thalamus is a gateway for?

sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex

True or false: the thalamus recieves all sensory impulses except for smell

true

Hypothalamus maintains?

homeostasis by regulating visceral activites

Hypothalamus links what two systems?

nervous and endocrine

Limbic system consists of several structures in various parts of the?

brain including diencephalon

What does limbic system control?

emotional responses, feelings, behavior oriented toward survival

What does the brainstem do?

connects brain to the spinal cord

What does the brainstem consist of?

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

What does the brainstem contain?

contains nerve fiber tracts and gray matter masses

The midbrain is a short section of brainstem but it lies between the?

diencephalon and pons

What contains of bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of brain?

midbrain

Pons is?

Rounded buldge on underside of brainstem

Where is pons located?

between midbrain and medulla oblongata

Pons relays nerve impulses between the?

medulla oblongta and cerebrum

impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum

regulates rhythm of breathing

Medulla oblongata is a?

enlarged continuation of spinal cord

Medulla oblongata conducts ascending and descending?

impulses between brain and spinal cord

What does medulla oblongata contain?

cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers

Medulla oblongata contains various nonvital reflex control centers like?

coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

Reticular formation is a?

Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout
brainstem

Filters incoming sensory information, passing some to
cerebral cortex, and discarding unimportant information:

reticular formation

Reticular formation connects to?

centers of hypothalamus, basal nuclei,
cerebellum, and cerebrum with ascending and descending
tracts

The cerebellum integrates sensory information concerning position of?

body parts

What is a spinal cord?

Slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain
and brainstem

Spinal nerves are grouped according to?

the level of the vertebra with which they are associated

Portions of the spinal cord (longitudinal) contains?

cervical enlargement

lumbar enlargement

conus medullaris

filum terminate

cauda equina

Structures of the spinal cord (cross section)

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus: grooves that extend whole length of spinal cord

2 main functions of the spinal cord are?

center spinal reflexes

pathway for impulses to and from the brain

Reflex is automatic, subconscious response to what?

a stimulus within or outside the body

Reflexes maintain homeostasis by controlling?

involuntary processes (heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing)

A reflex arc is a?

Neural pathway, consisting of a sensory receptor, 2 or more neurons and an effector

Simple reflex arc contains only?

sensory and motor neurons

Most common reflex arc contains?

sensory neuron, interneurons, motor neurons

Reflex behavior what types of?

monosynaptic (stretch) and withdrawal reflex

Monosynaptic reflex example?

patellar or knee jerk reflex

Withdrawal reflex occurs?

when a person touches or steps on something painful

Withdrawal reflex prevents or limits?

tissue damage by removing limb from painful stimulus

Crossed extensor reflex is?

During withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected (ipsilateral)
side contract, and extensors are inhibited

(shifts body weight)

Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses to the?

brain

Descending tracts conduct?

motor impulses from the brain via motor neurons reaching muscles and glands

Major ascending (sensory) spinal cord tracts:

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

spinothalamic tracts

spinocerebellar tracts

Major descending (motor) spinal cord tracts:

corticospinal tracts

reticulospinal tracts

rebrospinal tract

PNS consits of nerves that?

connect CNS to other body parts

PNS includes?

cranial nerves and spinal nerves