HAWK TUAH FINAL EANTOMY

What is the difference between somatic and germinal cells?

-A somatic cell undergoes mitosis, is a non sex cell, diploid, identical with the parent

-A germinal cell undergoes meiosis, is a sex cell, haploid, non-identical with the parent, and brings a variety of genetic information.

Why is meiosis necessary?

it ensures that the diploid complement of chromosomes is reestablished at fertilization, when the genetic material of the two haploid gametes joins to make a diploid zygote, the fertilized egg.

What is the function of the testes?

male primary sex organ that produces sperm as well as the male hormone testosterone

What is the function of the epididymis?

is the site of sperm storage and maturation; FROM THE testes.

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

stores and transports sperm during ejaculation. carries ejaculatory sperm out of epididymis.

What is the function of the prostate?

secretes an alkaline fluid to protect sperm; its secretion helps clot, then liquefy, the semen.

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

produce a mucus prior to ejaculation that neutralizes traces of acid urine in the urethra and lubricates the urethra to smooth the passage of semen during ejaculation.

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

They secrete fluid with fructose to give sperm energy to swim & flush sperm from the ejaculation duct. Constitutes 60% of the ejaculate.

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

site of sperm production in testes

What is the function of the sustentacular cells?

produce secretions that supply nutrients to the developing cells, secrete hormone inhibin, and secrete testicular fluid which provide transport of the sperm through the lumen

What is the function of spermatogonia?

sperm stem cells that divide rigorously and continuously by mitosis. Each division forms two distinctive daughter cells: type A daughter cells and type B daughter cells.

What is the function of the interstitial cells?

make and secrete the male sex hormones, or androgens. (testosterone)

What is the function of the corpora cavernosa?

creates erection

What is the function of corpus spongiosum?

Fills with blood to keep Urethra open during erection

Explain the hormonal control of the male system.

-GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH

-LH stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone

-FSH stimulates the Sertolis cells to begin spermatogenesis

-Testosterone

------Spermatogenesis

------Negative feed back for production GnRH

What hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus?

-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

-Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

-Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

-Somatostatin

-Dopamine

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

-Follicle stimulating horomone,

-Luteinizing horomone,

-Adrenocorticotropic horomone,

-Thyroid-stimulating horomone,

-Prolactin,

-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone,

-Growth hormone

What hormones are secreted by the interstitial cells?

-Luteinizing hormone?

-testosterone?

What is the function of GnRH?

-promotes secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

What is the function of LH?

-triggers ovulation in females, and stimulates testosterone secretion/controls testosterone's effects on the entire male reproductive system in males.

What is the function of testosterone?

Primary Sexual Development

-Determines sex during fetal development

Secondary Sexual Development

-Deepening of the voice

-Facial/body hair

-Increased growth/muscle mass

-Spermatogenesis

What is the function of FSH?

-responsible for growth of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogen in women and production of sperm in men

What is the function of the ovaries?

-produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone.

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

-are the site for fertilization; receive ovulated oocyte

-transport secondary oocyte and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus

What is the function of the uterus?

receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg throughout pregnancy.

What is the function of oogonia?

-stem cells that give rise to the female's lifelong supply of oocytes

-Female germ cell which produce a predetermined number of primary oocytes prior to birth. These oocytes remain suspended in this stage until ovulation

What is the function of granulosa cells?

-convert androgens to estrogens (specifically, estradiol)

What is the function of myometrium?

-smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth/labor to expel the baby from the mother's body.

What is the function of the endometrium?

-lining of the uterus that forms the placenta if pregnant. It is expelled during the menstrual cycle.

-mucosal lining of the uterus; if fertilization occurs, the embryo burrows into the endometrium and resides there for the rest of it's development

Explain the hormonal control of the female system.

-GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH

-LH stimulates the The Granolosa cells to produce Estrogen

-FSH stimulates the Primary Oocyte to become secondary --Oocytes

-Estrogen

Pos/Neg) feed back for production GnRH

What is the function of estrogen?

-stimulate the growth and activity of all female sex organs

-signal the uterine mucosa to repair itself after each menstrual period

What is the function of progesterone?

-acts on the mucosa of the uterus, signaling it to prepare for implantation of an embryo

How do ovarian follicles mature?

How is an egg cell prepared for ovulation?

How does ovulation occur?

-occurs about halfway through each ovarian cycle. In this process, one oocyte exists from one of the woman's two ovaries into the peritoneal cavity, and is swept into a uterine tube. The signal for ovulation is the sudden release of a large quantity of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland just before day 14. In the process of ovulation, the ovarian wall over the follicle bulges, thins, and oozes fluid; this wall then ruptures and the oocyte exists, surrounded by its corona radiata. The forces responsible for this process are not fully understood, but they probably involve an enzymatic breakdown of the follicle wall, followed by a contraction of the muscle-like cells of the external layer of the theca that retracts the follicle and leaves the oocyte outside the ovary.

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

-secretes estrogens and progesterone.

What is the role of the endometrium?

-responds to changing levels of ovarian hormones in the blood.

-Secrete materials into lumen of uterus to enhance embryo development and sperm viability.

What causes menstruation?

-a decrease in levels of progesterone and estrogen

How do hormone levels change throughout the menstrual cycle?

What are the effects of the changing hormone levels in the menstrual cycle?

When is conception likely? Why is this so?

When is conception unlikely? Why is this so?

What is the general role of the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?

-it is the master control and communications system of the body. Every thought, action, instinct, and emotion reflects its activity. It cells communicate through electrical signals, which are rapid and specific and usually produce almost immediate responses.

-Sends electrical/chemical messages from cell to cell quickly.

What is the difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems?

-CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which occupy the cranium and the vertebral canal. is the integraing command center of the nervous system: it recieves incoming sensory signals, interprets the signals, and dictates motor responses based on past experiences, reflexes, and current conditions.

-PNS, the part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. Cranial nerves carry signals to and from the brain, whereas spinal nerves carry signals to and from the spinal cord. Serves as communication lines that link all regions of the body to the central nervous system. Also included in the PNS are ganglia- areas where the cell bodies of neurons are clustered.

What are the functions of neurons and neuroglia cells?

-Neurons: the basic structural units of the nervous system. conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another. These signals are transmitted along the plasma membrane in the form of nerve impulses, or action potentials. Neurons have extreme longetivity(can live and function for a lifetime 100 years). Neurons do not divide. Neurons have an exceptionally high metabolic rate, requiring continuous and abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose. Neurons cannot survive for more than a few minutes without oxygen. EXCITABLE NERVE CELLS THAT TRANSMIT ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

-Neuroglia cells: provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons. Cover all nonsynaptic parts of the neurons, thereby insulating the neurons and keeping the elctrical activities of adjacent neurons from interfering with each other. SUPPORT, PROTECT, NOURISH, AND INSULATE NEURONS

How do neurons generate a resting potential?

How do neurons generate an action potential?

Explain how the resting potential is reestablished after an action potential?

Understand how chemically gated and voltage gated ion channels operate?

Describe the basic anatomy of a chemical synapse, and how it operates.

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

What are the structural features that protect the brain and spinal cord?

-1) Meninges, protective outer coverings of the brain and spinal cord.

2. Cerebrospinal fluid- fills internal cavities in the brain for protection and cushioning

3. Blood- brain barrier- selectively permeable barrier between the circulatory system and the cerebrospinal fluid.

4. skull

What is cerebrospinal fluid and what is its function?

CSF is a watery broth that fills the subarachnoid space and the central hollow cavities of the brain and spinal cord. It aids in protecting and nourishing the neural tissue. Floats, cushions, and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.

WHat is the function of the medulla oblongata?

-relays messages to the spinal cord and the thalamus in the brain from the body

-Controls breathing, heart function, blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing.

What is the function of the pons?

-Relays signals from cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum

-conveys information of movement

-Deals with sleep respiration,swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equillibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation and posture