Anatomy and Physiology Review

Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms and definitions from the provided Anatomy and Physiology lecture notes.

Integumentary System

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis (structure:Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands,

oil glands)

Skeletal System

Support, movement, protection, blood cell production, storage (structure: Bones, cartilage, ligaments")

Muscular System

Movement, posture, heat production (structure: Skeletal muscles, tendons")

Nervous System

Rapid communication, coordination, response to stimuli (structure: Brains, spinal cord, nervers, sense organs)

Endocrine System

Hormone production, long-term regulation of homeostasis (structure: Glands (pituitary, thyroid,

adrenal, pancreas, etc., hormones)

Cardiovascular System

Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes (structure: Heart, blood vessels, blood)

Lymphatic/Immune System

Defends against infection, returns tissue fluid to bloodstream (structure: Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus)

Respiratory System

Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out) (structure: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, nose, pharynx)

Digestive System

Breakdown and absorption of nutrients, waste elimination (structure:Mouth, esophagus, stomach,

intestines, liver, pancreas)

Urinary System

Waste removal, water/electrolyte balance, blood pH regulation (structure:Kidneys, ureters, bladder,

urethra)

Reproductive System

Produce offspring, hormone production (structure: ovaries, testes, uterus, penis, vagina)

Chemical Level

Atoms and molecules ex: H20, glucose, proteins

Cellular Level

Basic unit of life ex: neuron, muscle cell

Tissue Level

Group of similar cells with a common function ex: muscle tissue, epithelial tissue

Organ Level

Two or more tissue types working together ex: heart, stomach, lungs

Organ System Level

Organs working together to perform major functions ex: nervous system, digestive system

Organism Level

A living human body

Epithelial Tissue

Covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands ex:skin, lining of the intestines

Connective Tissue

Supports, binds, protects, stores energy ex: bone, blood, adipose tissue, tendons

Muscle Tissue

Contracts to produce movement ex:skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Nervous Tissue

Conducts electrical impulses ex:brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of flat cells location:lung(alveoli), blood vessels(capillaries)

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multiple layers of flat cells location: skin, esophagus

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells location: kidney tubules, glands

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Two or more layers of cube-shaped cells location: sweat gland ducts

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells location: digestive tract lining

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Multiple layers, with columnar cells at the top location: male urethra, pharynx

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Looks layered, but all cells touch the basement membrane location: trachea, upper respiratory tract

Transitional Epithelium

Can stretch and return to shape location: bladder, ureters

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Toward the feet

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back of the body

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body

Deep

Farther from the body surface

Heart

Pumps blood throughout the body

Blood Vessels

Transport blood (arteries, veins, capillaries)

Blood

Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

Vena Cava (Superior/Inferior)

Returns deoxygenated blood to right atrium

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from body

Tricuspid Valve

Prevents backflow from right ventricle to right atrium

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary artery

Pulmonary Valve

Prevents backflow into right ventricle

Pulmonary Arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs

Lungs

Gas exchange: O₂ in, CO₂ out

Pulmonary Veins

Return oxygenated blood to left atrium

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

Prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

Aortic Valve

Prevents backflow into left ventricle

Aorta

Delivers oxygenated blood to the body

Pulmonary Circuit

Heart → Lungs → Heart, Oxygenate blood, remove CO₂

Systemic Circuit

Heart → Body → Heart, Deliver O₂ and nutrients, remove wastes

SA Node (Pacemaker)

Generates electrical impulse (depolarization)

Na⁺ (Sodium)

Influx causes depolarization

K⁺ (Potassium)

Efflux repolarizes the cell

Ca²⁺ (Calcium)

Sustains contraction

AV Node

Delays impulse to allow atrial contraction

Bundle of His → Bundle Branches → Purkinje Fibers

Spread signal to ventricles

P Wave

Atrial depolarization (abnormalities: absent= SA node issue)

QRS Complex

Ventricular depolarization (abnormalities: wide=bundle branch block)

T Wave

Ventricular repolarization (abnormalities: inverted=ischemia or hyperkalemia)

Arteries

Thick walls, elastic fibers, Carry blood away from the heart (usually O₂)

Veins

Thinner walls, valves, Carry blood toward the heart (usually CO₂)

Capillaries

One-cell-thick walls, Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes

Systolic

Pressure during heart contraction (ventricular systole)

Diastolic

Pressure during heart relaxation (ventricular diastole)

“Lub”

AV valves closing (tricuspid & mitral) — start of systole

“Dub”

Semilunar valves closing (pulmonary & aortic) — start of diastole

Tidal Volume (TV)

Normal breath (~500 mL)

Inspiratory Reserve (IRV)

Extra air inhaled beyond TV

Expiratory Reserve (ERV)

Extra air exhaled beyond TV

Residual Volume (RV)

Air left in lungs after maximal exhalation (~1200 mL)

Vital Capacity (VC)

TV + IRV + ERV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

VC + RV

Quiet Inhalation

Diaphragm, external intercostals

Quiet Exhalation

Passive (no muscles; recoil of lungs/diaphragm)

Forceful Exhalation

Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles

O₂

Needed for cellular respiration to make ATP

CO₂

Waste product of aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle)

External Respiration

O₂ enters blood, CO₂ leaves blood (location: Alveoli → pulmonary capillaries)

Internal Respiration

O₂ leaves blood, CO₂ enters blood (location: Capillaries → Body Tissues)

Pulmonary Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs (aka breathing)

Diaphysis

Shaft of long bone; contains medullary cavity with yellow marrow

Epiphysis

Ends of the bone; contain red marrow for hematopoiesis

Epiphyseal Plate/Line

Growth plate in children (cartilage); becomes epiphyseal line in adults

Articular Cartilage

Covers joint surfaces; reduces friction

Periosteum

Outer covering of bone; contains nerves and blood vessels

Medullary Cavity

Central cavity with yellow marrow

Compact Bone

Dense bone; provides strength

Spongy Bone

Light, porous; contains red marrow

Endosteum

Lines inner surfaces of bone (medullary cavity)

Osteon (Haversian system)

Structural unit of compact bone

Lamellae

Concentric rings of calcified matrix

Central (Haversian) Canal

Carries blood vessels and nerves

Lacunae

Small spaces housing osteocytes