History Exam Study

Lauremont Grade 10 History

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

The Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

Multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

a condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

The White Paper

In Britain and elsewhere, a government statement that outlines proposed legislation; the last stage before the submission of a formal bill.

The Final Solution (The Holocaust)

Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European Jewry during World War II, resulting in the final, most deadly phase of the Holocaust

Hitler's program of systematically killing the entirety of Jewish people

Crown Corporations

Businesses and industries owned by the Canadian government.

Being Drafted

Being required to join the military

selection (a person or group of people) for a certain purpose.

Genocide

Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

UN Declaration of Human Rights

A declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled

War Measures Act

an Act that gives the federal government emergency powers during wartime, including the right to detain people without laying charges

gave the government sweeping powers to ensure "the security, defence, peace, order, and welfare of Canada"

Middle Powers

Countries with significant economic influence that became increasingly assertive regional leaders after the Cold War.

Iron Curtains

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

The Treaty of Versailles

The treaty's so-called "war guilt" clause forced Germany and other Central Powers to take all the blame for World War I. This meant a loss of territories, reduction in military forces, and reparation payments to Allied powers.

Ypres, 1915

When chlorine gas was first used (by Germans)

The Somme, 1916

During this battle of the First World War, Allied forces attempted to take entrenched German positions from July to mid-November of 1916. Neither side was able to make any real gains despite massive casualties: 500,000 Germans, 400,000 British, and 200,000 French.

Passchendaele, 1918

A campaign in WW1, fought by the Allies against the German Empire. Also known as The Third Battle of Ypres

Vimy Ridge, 1917

A successful battle of World War One where all four Canadian divisions fought together for the first time. A proud moment for Canada and a source of nationalism

Imperial Conferences

Held in 1921/23/26/30/37. An effort to maintain a pretence of unity. They were held in London at increasingly irregular intervals

The Hundred Days, 1918

The Hundred Days Offensive (8 August to 11 November 1918) was a series of massive Allied offensives that ended the First World War.

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which triggered the Austro-Hungarians to pledge war against Serbia, which then initiated World War I.

The Great Depression

The economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Winnipeg General Strike

In May 1919, workers at 3 big metal factories in Winnipeg went on strike for better wages. In a just a few days, 30,000 Winnipeg workers had walked out, and strikes took place across across Canada. The Mayor had banned all parades and arrested the strike organizers. The strikers protested the arrest of their leaders.

On-To-Ottawa Trek

In 1935, hundreds of single unemployed men hopped freight trains for Ottawa demanding work, wages and an end to government relief camps. The trek was stopped in Regina.

The Raid on Dieppe

The first battle, on the European continent, in which Canadian troops participated. Although it was a disaster, with a large loss of life and many soldiers captured, it did help the Allies to become better prepared for a successful landing on D Day.

D-Day Invasion

Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control

VE Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans were placed in camps beginning in 1942; upheld by Korematsu v. US

The Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Pearl Harbour

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. (p. 793)

Battle of Hong Kong

Japan's attack on the British colony of Hong Kong in which there were heavy Canadian losses

The Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

The Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

The Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

The Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Newfoundland Joins Canada

happened to Newfoundland in 1949, after citizens had voted in a series of referendums in '48

Trans-Canada Highway

4,860 miles long. Links the East and the West.

Trans-Canada Pipeline

natural gas pipeline to carry gas east from Alberta all the way to Quebec; completed in 1958

Uranium Mining

Land and water degradation due to soil erosion and compaction. Habitat fragmentation.

The Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

The Quiet Revolution

A period of intense social, political, and economic change in Quebec. During this period, which lasted from about 1960 to 1966, Quebecois began to assert their rights and affirm and promote their language and culture.

The Royal Commission on the Status of Women

An extremely important commission that with the release of its report in 1970 ushered in a new era in gender relations in Canada.

The October Crisis

On October 5 1970 members of the FLQ kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross in Montreal, 'and demanded the release of jailed FLQ members. The demand was refused, and on October 10 the Quebec Labour Minister, Pierre Laporte, was also kidnapped. Prime Minister, Pierre Trudeau then invoked the War Measures' Act on the basis of apprehended insurrection. Under the first peacetime use of the Act, several hundred Quebecers were arrested and jailed without any charges being laid. On October 16, the Canadian Army was ordered to patrol the streets of Montreal and Ottawa, and on the 17th, Pierre Laporte's body was discovered. Several weeks later, the kidnappers of Cross were discovered. He was released in exchange for the kidnappers being given safe passage to Cuba. Most people who had been arrested under the War Measures' Act were released.

The Canada Act

(1982) This document became Canada's new patriated constitution. Included most provisions of the BNA Act, a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and an amending formula. It was agreed by the federal government and nine of the ten provinces. Quebec refused to agree.

Charlottetown Accord

An agreement on constitutional change made between the provinces and the federal government in 1990.

The Oka Crisis

Standoff between Canada and the Mohawk of the Akwasasne reserve- 1990 when town wanted to build a golf course on sacred burial grounds.

The Truth & Reconciliation Commission (TRC)

A court-like body assembled in South Africa after the abolition of apartheid, where witnesses who were identified as victims of gross human rights violations were invited to give statements about their experiences

Idle No More

Canadian Indigenous-led social movement that emerged in 2012, primarily focused on protesting against federal government policies that negatively impacted Indigenous rights and environmental protection. The movement gained significant traction and became a prominent force in Canadian politics and social consciousness, particularly in 2013

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Propaganda

Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.

Victory Bonds

bonds issued by the Canadian government to support the war effort

Conscription

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Pandemic

worldwide epidemic

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Aryan Race

Germanic people seen as the master race (ideal race for Hitler)

Ceasefire

an agreement to stop fighting, indefinitely or for a set amount of time

Concentration Camp

a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions

Fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization.

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Internment

Temporary imprisonment of members of a specific group

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Manifesto

a public statement explaining the intentions, motives, or views of an individual or group

Recession

period of reduced economic activity

Social Dividend

A payment to all citizens based on the wealth or economic health of the country.

Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD)

a weapon that can kill or harm large numbers of people as well as destroy or damage a large physical area

Social Welfare

programs to help certain groups of people

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Social Safety Net

any form of government assistance for those with financial needs

Capital Punishment

the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.

Separatism

A movement to win political, religious or ethnic independence from another group

Civil Rights Movement

a social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people organized to demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. People worked together to change unfair laws. They gave speeches, marched in the streets, and participated in boycotts.

The Official Languages Act

The Official Languages Act (OLA) ensures that English and French are recognized and respected as Canada's official languages. It guarantees the right of Canadians to communicate with and receive services from federal institutions in either official language, and it also recognizes the right to work in either official language within these institutions. The OLA has been revised multiple times to adapt to evolving legal, technological, and sociodemographic realities, with the most recent overhaul occurring in 2023. 

Self Governance

having the ability to govern oneself or one's group without external control or interference. It involves the right to determine one's own future, with the authority to make decisions and implement policies related to various aspects of life, including governance, social and economic development, and cultural practices. 

The Pursian Gulf War

War in 1991 when the US came to Kuwait's rescue after Iraq invaded in 1990

Global Superpowers

Name for the U.S. and Soviet Union after World War II because we were the two strongest countries in the world.

Arms Race

a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments

The Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Gross National Product

The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.

Nationalize

To bring under the ownership or control of a nation, such as industries and land.

Dual Citizenship

Citizenship in more than one nation.

Civil Liberties

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

Sovereignty Association

a proposal by Quebec nationalists that Quebec have political independence yet retain close economic ties or association with Canada

Distinct Society

Meech Lake Accord reference to recognize Quebec as a "distinct society" having the right to take action "to preserve and promote the distinct identity of Quebec."

Notwithstanding Clause

Allows any government to exempt a particular law from the conditions of the Charter

Land Claims

Enabled INDIANS, INUIT and MÉTIS to obtain full recognition of their rights under treaties or as the original inhabitants of what is now Canada.

National Energy Programs

a Liberal program that aimed to reduce consumption of oil, protect Canadians from rising oil prices, and make Canada self-sufficient in oil

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Conscientious Objectors

people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars

Enemy Aliens

nationals living in a country that is at war with their homeland

Allied Forces

The military alliance of the USA, Britain, France, and other countries during WWII

The Progressive Party

political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912

Robert Borden

The Canadian Prime Minister during World War 1; supported Britain when they went to war

William Lyon MacKenzie King

Canadian Prime Minister during WWII