CVM 711 Lecture 2: Osmosis, Tonicity, and Pressures
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58 Terms
What is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a lower solute concentration toward a higher solute concentration?
Osmosis
What direction does water move during osmosis?
From a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration
What creates osmotic pressure differences that drive osmosis?
Solute concentration differences
True or False: Osmosis is simply diffusion of water
False
Why does osmosis occur?
Pressure differences
What opposes osmotic pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure
What is the pulling force created by non-permeable solutes?
Osmotic pressure
What is the pressure exerted by a stationary fluid at equilibrium that causes water/fluid to be pushed?
Hydrostatic pressure
What is another name for osmotic pressure?
Pulling pressure
What is another word for hydrostatic pressure?
Pushing pressure
What allows fluid exchange across capillaries?
Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures
Where does oncotic pressure (a type of osmotic/pulling pressure) come from?
Plasma proteins in blood
What is the strongest pressure in the capillary exchange that allows for small solutes to leave the capillaries?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Where does the interstitial hydrostatic pressure come from?
Fluids in tissues
What is another term for oncotic pressure?
Colloid osmotic pressure
What does the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures result in under normal physiological conditions?
Net filtration from capillaries into tissues
How is excess fluid returned to circulation?
Lymphatic system
What pulls water into the blood within capillaries?
Blood osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure
What pushes water and small solutes out of the capillaries?
Blood hydrostatic pressure
What pulls water from capillaries?
Interstitial osmotic pressure
What pushes water toward blood vessels?
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
What expresses the osmotic strength of solutions such as urine, plasma, NaCl, etc?
Osmolar concentrations
What is the clinical importance of osmotic concentrations?
Urine specific gravity, dehydration (increased blood osmolarity)
What is the concentration of osmotically active particles per liter of solution?
Osmolarity
What would be the osmolarity of a 1mmol/L NaCl solution?
2 mOsm/L
What is the concentration of osmotically active particles that is expressed as osmoles/kg water?
Osmolality
True or False: In most physiological situations, osmolarity and osmolality are very similar and are often used interchangeably
True
What fluid from animals has a high osmolality?
Urine
What is described as (moles / 1 L of solution)?
Molarity
What is described as (moles / 1 kg of water or solvent)?
Molality
What is described as (osmoles / 1 L of solution)?
Osmolarity
What is described as (osmoles / 1 kg of water or solvent)
Osmolality
What is the range of osmolarity for both ECF and ICF?
290-300 mOsm/L
What solution has equal osmolarity and equal osmotic pressure?
Isosmotic
What solution has a higher osmolarity and greater osmotic pressure than its surroundings?
Hyperosmotic
Water tends to move toward which solution?
Hyperosmotic
What solution has a lower osmolarity and lower osmotic pressure that its surroundings?
Hypo-osmotic
Water tends to leave which solution?
Hypo-osmotic
What measures the total concentration of dissolved particles in a solution?
Osmolarity
What measurement includes all solutes, whether or not they can cross the cell membrane?
Osmolarity
What determines the potential for osmotic pressure?
Osmolarity
What describes how a solution will affect cell volume?
Tonicity
What depends on only solutes that cannot easily cross the cell membrane?
Tonicity
What predicts whether cells will remain the same size, swell, or shrink?
Tonicity
What determines the property of a solution?
Osmolarity
What determines the property of a solution relative to a cell?
Tonicity
What determines osmotic pressure?
Osmolarity
What determines change in cell volume?
Tonicity
What depends only on non-permeating solutes?
Tonicity
What type of solution causes cells to neither swell nor shrink?
Isotonic
What type of solution causes cells to swell?
Hypotonic
Water enters cells in hypotonic solutions because ECF (cell) has a _____ effective solute concentration (____ non-penetrating solutes inside cell, ____ non-penetrating solutes in solution)
lower, more, less
What type of solution causes cells to shrink?
Hypertonic
Water leaves cells in hypertonic solutions because ECF (cell) has a _____ effective solute concentration (____ non-penetrating solutes inside cell, ____ non-penetrating solutes in solution)
higher, less, more
What primarily generates osmotic pressure?
Plasma proteins (especially albumin)
What could result in a decrease in blood oncotic pressure?
Edema (excess fluid in tissues)
What could result in too much water in blood vessels?
High blood pressure
What does water (solvent) follow?
Solute