AP Human Geography Spring Final Review

AP Human Geography Spring Final Review Flashcards

What is agribusiness?

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

What was the agricultural revolution?

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

What is animism?

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

What is annexation?

The formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation.

What is apartheid?

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

What is arable land?

Land suited for agriculture.

What is ASEAN?

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries which promotes intergovernmental cooperation

What is a back-office function?

Processes, such as accounting, that support the primary activities of a business.

What is a basic industry?

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

What is blockbusting?

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood.

What is a break-of-bulk point?

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

What is a bulk-gaining industry?

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

What is a bulk-reducing industry?

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

What are business services?

Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services.

What is a caste?

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law.

What is a central city?

A principle city surrounded by smaller cities and suburbs.

What is the Central Place Theory?

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

What are centrifugal forces?

Forces that tend to divide a country.

What are centripetal forces?

Forces that tend to unite or bind a country together.

What is a city-state?

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside.

What is commercial farming?

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

What is a compact state?

A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.

What are consumer services?

Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail, education, health, and leisure services.

What is a core country?

According to Wallerstein, these are the most developed, industrialized nations.

What is Cosmogony?

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.

What is cottage industry?

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

What is cultural ecology?

A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships.

What is a denomination?

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

What is dependency theory?

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones.

What is desertification?

Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.

What are development levels?

The classification of countries based on their economic and social progress, often categorized as developed or developing.

What is a developed country?

A country that has progressed relatively far along the continuum of development.

What is a developing country?

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.

What is devolution?

The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states.

What is a dialect?

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

What is double cropping?

Harvesting twice a year from the same field.

What is an EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)?

An area of coastal water and seabed within a certain distance of a country's coastline, to which the country claims exclusive rights for fishing, drilling, and other economic activities.

What is an ethnic religion?

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.

What is an ethnoburb?

A suburban residential area with a cluster of ethnic businesses to create a specific landscape and sense of place.

What is ethnophobia?

Fear of people of different ethnic backgrounds.

What is the EU?

The European Union is a political and economic alliance of many European countries.

What is fair trade?

An alternative to international trade that provides greater equity to workers, small businesses, and consumers.

What is a family?

Group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

What is a federal state?

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government.

What is filtering?

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.

What are folk regions?

Regions that have similar culture.

What is a food desert?

An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain.

What is Fordist production?

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

What is a fragmented state?

A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.

What is the galactic model?

also known as peripheral model, according to Chauncy Harris, this model states that an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

What is the Gender Inequality Index (GII)?

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality.

What is gentrification?

A process of converting an urban neighbourhood from a mostly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.

What is gerrymandering?

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

What is a ghetto?

A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions.

What is the Gravity Model?

A model which states that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

What are greenbelts?

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

What was the Green Revolution?

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

The value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given year.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.

What is heterogeneity?

The quality or state of being diverse in character or content.

What is a hinterland?

The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.

What is industrialization?

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

What are the Levels of Economic Activity?

Divided into primary, secondary, tertiary activities that form the basis of the economy.

What is a Lingua Franca?

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.

What is a Maquiladora?

A factory built in Mexico near the United States border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

What is the median?

The middle number in a set of numbers that are arranged in order.

What is a Megalopolis?

Several, metropolitan areas that join together to form one continuous, urban, complex

What is a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)?

In the United States, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

What is Microfinance?

Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries that are unable to obtain loans from commercial banks.

What is monotheism?

The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one God.

What is a multinational state?

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

What is the Multiple Nuclei Theory?

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

What is nationalism?

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality.

What is nationality?

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country.

What is New Urbanism?

A planning and development approach based on the principles of walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods, sustainable development, and compact urban design.

What is OPEC?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, an economic association of oil producing nations that is able to set oil prices.

What is a periphery country?

Less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries. These countries usually receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth.

What is a perforated state?

A state that completely surrounds another one.

What is a political state?

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.

What is polytheism?

Belief in or worship of more than one god.

What is a primate city?

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

What is a prorupted state?

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension.

What is public housing?

Housing owned by the government; in the United States, public housing is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the residents' income.

What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; PPP adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the relative cost of goods.

What is Range?

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

What is Rank-Size Rule?

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

What is redlining?

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods.

What is regionalism?

Loyalty to the interests of a particular region.

What was the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Began in Western Europe in the 1600s, introducing new crop rotation techniques and selective breeding of livestock, and led to increased agricultural production.

What is a sect?

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

What is the Sector Model?

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

What is secularism?

A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.

What is a semi-periphery country?

Countries that contain aspects of both core and periphery countries.

What is sovereignty?

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

What is a standard language?

The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

What is suffrage?

The right to vote in political elections.

What is super nationalism?

A venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.

What is supply vs demand?

Supply is the amount of a resource that firms, producers, labourers, or other economic agents are willing and able to provide to the marketplace or directly to another economic agent. Demand is an economic principle referring to a consumer's desire to purchase goods and services and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service.

What is syncretic?

A religion that combines several traditions.

What is a theocratic state?

A state whose government is guided by religious leaders.