Argumentation and Argumentative Structures

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the definitions, types of arguments, logical structures, and fallacies found in the Argumenteren lecture notes.

Standpunt

A statement with which a writer or speaker expresses their opinion on a subject; synonyms include statement (stellingname), claim, or vision.

Argument

A reason used to support a point of view and make it acceptable to the audience.

Tegenargument

An argument used to refute or invalidate a standpoint or another argument, making it less acceptable.

Argumentatie

The combination of a point of view and the entire set of arguments (including counter-arguments) that support or refute it.

Feitelijke argumenten

Objective arguments that are verifiable, such as facts or results from scientific research.

Waarderende argumenten

Subjective arguments based on feelings, emotions, beliefs, norms, values, or personal opinions that cannot be verified as 'true' but only agreed or disagreed with.

Valide argument

A valid argument that is factually correct and of significance to the point of view being supported.

Argumentatieschema

A plan that indicates the nature of the logical connection between a standpoint and an argument.

Empirisch argument

An argument based on personal experience (ervaring).

Causaliteit

Argumentation based on cause and effect (oorzaak-gevolg), where the connection between the two must be plausible.

Analogie

Argumentation based on comparison, where situations or objects are compared based on similarities or differences.

Gezag of autoriteit

Supporting a point of view by appealing to an expert in a specific field or a reputable source, such as Van Dale.

Relevantie

A criterion for evaluating if an argument actually makes a standpoint more plausible.

Consistentie

Occurs when arguments logically relate to each other and do not contain internal contradictions.

Toereikendheid

When the provided arguments are sufficient to make the point of view acceptable to the audience.

Argumentatiestructuur

A schematic representation, such as a tree structure (boomstructuur), showing how arguments relate to each other and the standpoint.

Enkelvoudige argumentatie

An argumentation structure consisting of exactly one standpoint and one argument.

Meervoudige argumentatie

An argumentation structure where a single standpoint is supported by multiple arguments.

Onderschikkende argumentatie

Also known as chain argumentation (ketenargumentatie), where an argument is itself supported by one or more sub-arguments.

Nevenschikkende argumentatie

A structure where two or more arguments collectively support a standpoint; can be dependent (together they form a valid argument) or independent (each supports the standpoint on its own).

Drogredenen

Errors in reasoning that occur when an argumentation scheme is used incorrectly or discussion rules are violated; they weaken the validity of the argument.

Vals dilemma

A type of fallacy where it is suggested that one must choose between two options with equal disadvantages while ignoring other possibilities.

Professor dr. K. König

An emeritus professor of Preventive and Social Dentistry who argued against a ban on fluoride tablets.

Adrian F. Ward

A researcher mentioned in studies showing that people with high perceived control over information systematically overestimate their own cognitive skills.