A.P.U.S.H Period 4

Vocab

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the drinking problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problem drunkards had on society's well-being and the possible well-being of individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

Women's Rights Convention

Meeting in Seneca Falls, New York of feminists; 1848; First meeting for women's rights, helped in
the long struggle for women's suffrage.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

a member of the women's rights movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other
feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Rights Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared that "all men and women are created equal."

Susan B. Anthony

a lecturer for women's rights. She was a Quaker. Many conventions were held for the rights of women in the
1840s. She believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. Her followers were called Suzy B's.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and
Stanton called the first women's rights convention in New York in 1848

Dorthea Dix

A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830s. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. She traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual.

Horace Mann

He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University and secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was
involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position. This led to educational advances in textbooks by Noah Webster and Ohioan William H. McGuffey.

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under his management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in
1850.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women from caring for the house.

Neal Dow

Nineteenth-century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state.

Embargo Act 1807

was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ships and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so
President Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. It ended up hurting the American economy more than Britain's or France's. It was repealed in 1809. It eventually led to the War of 1812.

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land
sprouted national pride and ensured expansion.

Non-Intercourse Act

Formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. A replacement of the Embargo Act. Made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize the neutrality of America.

Midnight Judges

the nickname given to a group of judges that were appointed by John Adams the night before he left office.
He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long-term federalist influence because judges serve for life instead of limited terms

Marbury V. Madison

Secretary of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice
John Marshall dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had the final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, and the Supreme Court did. This is a judicial review.

Judicial Review

Proposed by John Marshall which gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. "Judicial review" was accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury vs. Madison.

Lewis and Clark

The men commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis,
Missouri, the expedition traveled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of
the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

Patronage

similar to the "spoils system" When an elected official fills appointed positions with friends that helped him/her get
elected.

Impressment

the forcible enlistment of soldiers. This was a rude form of conscription that the British have employed for over
four hundred years. At this time the London authorities claimed the right to force only British subjects on their own soil, harbor, or merchant ships to serve in the navy. However, many Americans were mistaken for Englishmen between 1808 and 1811. Some six thousand United States citizens were made to be sailors by England. This was one of the major causes of the war of 1812.

Aaron Burr

a running mate with Thomas Jefferson. They tied for the presidency and Jefferson won the runoff. He also killed
Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was tried and acquitted for treason involving a plan to separate the US and combine with Spain.

William Clark

Explorer along with Meriwether Lewis sent out to explore the recently purchased Louisiana Territory. He served
as an artist and cartographer. Their exploration lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opened the west
to Indian trade and further exploration.

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them
tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

The Revolution of 1800

Another name for the presidential election of 1800 between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The election was noteworthy for two reasons. (1) For the second time in as many elections, a president was put with a vice president
that he didn't want; this problem was fixed in 1804 with the 12th amendment. (2) It was America's first peaceful transfer of power—from Federalists to Republicans.

Rotation in Office

Jackson's idea of allowing government officials only one term and cycling through all the supporters of his party. He believed that the common man should be able to hold office.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no
partisan conflicts.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony
which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the idea. Mostly just a show of nationalism, it had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Trial during chief Justice John Marshal's reign; involving the state of Maryland and their right to tax the
federal bank--sets precedent for the "loose clause"--increased power of the Federal government.

Henry Clay

was a Political Scientist during the 1820s. He was also a Congressman from Kentucky. He developed the American
System which the US adopted after the War of 1812 He also negotiated numerous compromises.

The American System

A plan proposed by Henry Clay in 1824 to work on economic reform. Henry Clay wanted to help stabilize the country and begin the pursuit of work recognition. The plan called for a protective tariff to be put in place for the manufacturers, a new Federal Bank to be put in place, and to begin work on many internal improvements.

Gibbons v Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New
Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshall's decision was a major blow to states' rights.

Second Bank of the United States

It was a federal establishment operated by the government as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.

Nationalism

A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country or nation,
an identification with the state, and an acceptance of national goals.

Peculiar Institution

Another term for slavery; The owning of human beings existed in a country that practiced liberty.

John C. Calhoun

was part of the New Southern Congress of 1811. He was a representative for South Carolina and one of the
original War Hawks. He supported the Tariff Bill of 1811 because he thought the bill would lead to manufacturing in the south and the cultivation of cotton. He later changed his mind, though, and opposed it because the bill was being used to enrich Northern manufacturers.

John Quincy Adams

Sec. of State and later president of the US who forcibly informed Spain of their violation of the Appoint-American Treaty of 1795. This led to the ceding of Florida to the U.S. He was also responsible for keeping the U.S. from signing
the Canning Proposal, which would have hindered American expansion. He then drafted the Monroe Doctrine which established
the U.S. as the protector of the Western Hemisphere.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president, he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify
disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Hartford Convention

a regional secret convention held in Connecticut due to the Federalist discontent because of the lessened
voting weight of New England in Congress and the Electoral College. They were meeting to discuss their minority status in the Union and some Federalists even suggested secession. These Federalists were seen as traitors by the public. This led to the downfall of their party. They met to secure assistance from Washington, due to the blockading British squadrons on the shores of New England.

James Monroe

was the President of the United States of America during the Era of Good Feelings. He delivered a speech to
congress with two main points: 1) There would be no colonization of the western hemisphere. 2) Nonintervention from the rest of the world in the western hemisphere. Monroe showed a strong sense of nationalism, creating national pride. He also helped establish America as a world power.

James Madison

The author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, as well as the father of the Federalist party and the fourth
President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.

The Missouri Compromise

proposed by Henry Clay; Missouri would be admitted as a slave state while Maine would be admitted as a free state, thus maintaining the balance; and all new states north of the 36°30' line would be free, new states southward would be slave states

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through
Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles to the Indian Territory. Almost 1/4 of the Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Eli Whitney

born in Massachusetts. He was a mechanical genius that graduated from Yale. After college, he traveled to Georgia
to be a tutor while preparing for the law. While in Georgia he was told that the South would make a lot of money if someone could invent the machine to separate the seed from cotton. In 1793, within ten days of being told this, he had constructed a rough machine fifty times more effective than the handpicking process.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning
cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Interchangeable Parts

Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system that uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.