AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING, STRUCTURES, ELECTRIFICATION, AND ALLIED SUBJECTS - PART 3

GRADER

A machine that is used to segregate various fractions/sizes of milled rice.

Frictional-type whitener

A type of whitener consisting of a fluted roller rotating inside the hexagonal chamber with slot-type perforations

Belt conveyor, Bucket elevator, screw conveyor

Commonly used material handling equipment

belt conveyor

A conveyor which is essentially made of an endless belt operating between two or more pulleys with its load supported by idlers

Screw conveyor

A conveyor used for fine materials and is made of a helical plate which rotates on a trough and moves the product by dragging

Bucket elevator

A material handling equipment which consists of cups attached to a chain or belt that revolves around a bottom-and-top pulley where the cups are discharged

pneumatic conveyor

A conveyor which utilizes high terminal velocity air to move the product

Primary method

It is the method of determining grain moisture by directly extracting the moisture from the product.

oven

An example of moisture determination using primary method.

Secondary method

It is a method of determining moisture from the product which is based on the electrical properties of the product.

Dessicator

A device used in oven-drying to prevent dehydrated samples to re-absorb moisture while undergoing cooling process

Coefficient of hulling

It is the ability of the machine to remove hulls from grains

Bran

Outer layer of brown rice consisting of aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the rice grain.

120 cm x 120 cm

The ASAE standard agricultural pallet bin for square shape bin.

120 cm x 100 cm

The ASAE standard agricultural pallet bin for rectangular shape bin

72 or 133 mm

Overall height of agricultural pallet bin as recommended by ASAE.

Distributing auger

An auger capable of discharging materials to one or more locations

Feeding auger

An auger which releases conveyed materials essentially uniformly along a substantial portion of its length

Portable auger

An auger whose accessories include a suitable support system which provides mobility.

Inside diameter of the auger tube

Auger size refers to

Reduce the sizes of granular products

Hammer mills are designed purposely to

80 - 90%

The husking ratio of rubber roll huller is about

Axial-flow type thresher

A rice thresher that is fed at one end and discharges threshed product at the other end is

Peg-tooth

Commonly used threshing units for throw-in type thresher.

Louvers

Part of rice thresher that causes the movement of panicles from one end to the other end of the threshing cylinder.

800 - 1200 rpm

The recommended rpm of rice thresher cylinder.

Brown rice

It is a dehulled paddy but the bran layer remains intact.

Coefficient of wholeness

Measures the ability of the machine to remove hulls with minimum breakage.

Milling degree

It is the extent by which the bran layer of brown rice is removed as a result of whitening

Having a series of two or three whitening machines

A multi-pass rice mill is determined by

Percentage milling recovery

It is the ratio of the weight of milled rice to the weight of paddy multiplied by one hundred.

Palay, Paddy, Rough rice

It is an unhulled grain of Oryza sativa

Polisher

An auxiliary device of a rice mill which receives the remaining small bran particles of milled rice and gives a glossy appearance to the product.

Steel-fluted, Rubber roll, Disk, Centrifugal

An example of rice huller

Dry milling

A process of reducing the corn kernel into pieces of grits, germ, and pericap with or without conditioning.

De-germinator

A machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel.

Roller mill

A major component of a corn mill used to reduce corn kernel into grits.

Aspirator

A kind of cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from corn kernel/corn grits such as floured corn, germ, and bran

Single pass rice mill

A kind of rice mill that employs only one whitening machine

90 %

Minimum hulling efficiency requirement for rice mill based on the standard performance criterion.

Conditioning

It is the process of rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18 to 22% moisture content and tempered to make the pericarp and the germ more pliable and easier to remove during during de-germination process.

Centralize storage system

A storage system for holding buffer stocks and are usually located at shipping receiving terminals.

Silo

It is a storage structure made of pre-fabricated reinforcement concrete of pre-fabricated metal siding, which is either a hopper bottom or a flat bottom

1/4 inch wire mesh

Size of wire mesh used in storage to protect stored product from insects and rodents.

Grain Production Enhancement Program

GPEP stands for

Research and development

Training, extension, and commercialization

Postharvest facility assistance

Government support to the private sector

Areas of concern of Philippine Postharvest Industry

pericarp

It is the fibrous layer of paddy when hull is removed and is frequently known as the silver skin of brown rice.

The larger the free space, the smaller the breakage and losses

The free space between the husk of rough rice and the brown rice kernel greatly affects milling in the sense that

More than 3.0

Slender type paddy has a length to width ratio of

Thermal stress

The uneven expansion and contraction of the inner and outlet layers of the grains that cause fissuring is a factor of

Milling

Broken rice is a quality deterioration index during

Moisture and temperature

Changes in texture, odor, flavor, and nutritive value of grains during prolonged storage, even in the absence insects and microorganisms, are due to

Harvesting paddy above 80% will produce more shattered and broken grains

It is recommended that paddy should be harvested when 80% of the panicle are fully ripe for that reason that

Panicle harvesting

It is the manual method of harvesting paddy using “yatab”

884 kg

Shelled corn initially at 24% is to be dried to 14%. If the initial weight of corn is 1000 kilos, what is its final weight?

116 kg

What is the moisture loss of corn grains above?

Sorption isotherms

It is a plot representing the equilibrium moisture content of grains at different relative humidity but with constant temperature

Variation of ambient temperature within the grain mass, Moisture gradient within the grain mass

Factors that cause migration of moisture during storage

Mass transfer

It is the process which is the result of diffusion from region of high concentration to region of low concentration.

The vapor pressure of grains is higher than the vapor pressure of the air

In grain drying theory, drying will occur if

8 to 10 ft

The usual depth of grain in deep bed batch dryer is

100%

What is the relative humidity of air if the psychrometric measures 40°C for both dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures?

Cooling

If the point is moved horizontally to the left of the psychrometric chart, the process is

Rubber roll huller

If the end-point in milling is brown rice, the grain has just passed through a

Paddy separator

What machine is usually used before brown rice will undergo whitening process?

2 to 3 mm from cone coating

Adjustment clearance for rubber brakes in vertical abrasive whitening cone.

13 m/s

Maximum speed requirement of vertical abrasive whitening cone machine.

1000 rpm

Normal setting speed of horizontal abrasive whitener

1/2 of the length of paddy

Recommended clearance setting between stones of a disk huller

Decrease

If the rubber roll huller becomes worn-out, the peripheral speed of the roller will

Over population

Utilization of chemicals in Agriculture

Natural catastrophes and droughts

Factors that contribute to the increasing amount of waste

Aeration

A treatment process which reduces the amount of substances that cause unpleasant odor and discoloration of water.

Spraying the water

In an open aerator, the addition of air in water is achieved by

Low velocity

In sedimentation, processed water is allowed to pass through a settling chamber at

Allow the formation of settable particles

In coagulation and flocculation processes, water is mixed with coagulants to

Earth from termite hills

Aluminum and iron salts

Potato starch

Sources of coagulants include

Agitated

In flocculation process, it is necessary that the water being treated must be

Disinfection

A water treatment process aimed to destroy microorganisms that cause infections disease

Low

Lesser amount of chlorine is needed for water being treated if the turbidity of water is

Boiling

It is commonly practiced method of disinfecting water by households

Activated carbon

A good material used for water filter

Dusts

A mixture in air of irregular shape mineral particles in the size ranged from 1 to 200 micrometer formed by crushing, chipping, grinding or by natural disintegration of solid substances

Polluted air

If air is mixed with one or more constituents not abnormally present in the atmosphere it is considered as

Gravity separation

It is the simplest method of separating solid particles from air by allowing air to pass through a large chamber to cause the solid material to fall due to its weight.

Cyclone separator

Much efficient method of separating particles from air

Terminal velocity

When a material goes with air, the velocity of air that cause it to pick-up the material is

Large particles

The efficiency of cyclone increases for

Reduction in length body

Cyclone efficiency decreases with a

Asbestos

A gas filter that is suitable for high temperature condition.

Water scrubber

A method of separating fine dust by allowing it to pass through a mist of water.

Cesspool

A partially lined or unlined underground pit into which raw animal or household waste water is discharged

Digestion

It is the breakdown of organic matter in a water solution or suspension into a simpler or more biologically-stable compounds

Effluent

Wastewater, which is treated or untreated, that is being discharged from reservoir, basin, or treatment plant.

Humus

A dark carbonaceous residue resulting from aerobic decomposition of organic matter

Activated sludge process

It is a biological waste water treatment process in which the mixture of waste water and biological solids is agitated and aerated

Influent

Waste water flowing into a reservoir of treatment plant

Sterilization

It is the ordinary killing of all living microorganisms with the use of heat and pressure or with the use of some chemicals

Putrefaction

It is the biological decomposition of nitrogenous organic matter with the production of foul-smelling products associated with anaerobic degradation of proteins.

Volatile solids

A portion of the total solids driven off by a combustible gases at 500-600 °C for at least one hour.

Lagoon

It is an earthen facility for biological treatment of wastewater.