2026 Science I - Stats and Dates

This mysterious force was first dubbed the “electric force” by the philosopher William Gilbert (1544–1603) in [YEAR] while performing various experiments with amber. (pg6)

1600

In Western thought, the prevailing idea for centuries was that all things on Earth are made of a combination of [#] basic elements. (NAME THEM FRFR) (pg6)

4 (earth, air, fire, water)

Atoms are composed of [#] different types of particles. (NAME THEM FRFR) (pg8)

3 (protons, neutrons, electrons)

[#] kilograms is about the mass of [#] liter of water. (pg9)

1; 1

A typical adult human has a mass of about [#] to [#] kg. (pg9)

60; 70

Hydrogen, number [#] on the periodic table, has [#] protons in the nucleus and is typically orbited by [#] electrons. (pg9)

1; 1; 1

Oxygen is number [#], and so there are [#] protons in the oxygen nucleus, and a typical oxygen nucleus is orbited by [#] electrons. (pg9)

8; 8; 8

The strength of a force is measured in newtons, where [#] newtons is about the weight of an apple. (pg10)

1

A proton has over [#] times the mass of an electron, so for the same force, the proton will experience much less acceleration than the electron does. (pg11)

1,000

The mass of the Sun, in kilograms, is approximately [#] kg. (pg12)

2×10³⁰

One kilogram is [#] grams, and one kilometer is [#] meters.

1,000; 1,000

As far as we can tell, there are only [#] fundamental forces in the universe. (pg12)

4

Gravity is a force that pulls mass toward other mass. The strength of the force depends on [#] variables. (NAME THEM FRFR) (pg12)

3 (mass 1, mass 2, distance)

G is a very small number (in metric units, it is given by [#] N m²/kg²). (pg13)

6.67×10^-11

The only object around us that is massive enough to overcome the smallness of G is the Earth itself, which has a mass of [#] kg. (pg13)

6×10²⁴

The mass of a proton is [#] kg. (pg13)

1.7×10^-27

The mass of an electron is [#] kg. (pg13)

9.1×10^-31

Coulomb’s law was discovered by Charles Coulomb in [YEAR]. (pg13)

1785

The charge of both particles is given by ±[#] coulombs, where the proton is positive, and the electron is negative. (pg14)

1.7×10^-19

The Coulomb constant is just a number, and it is the same in every calculation (k = [#] N m²/C²). (pg15)

8.99×10⁹

The electric force is far stronger than the gravitational force, by a factor of more than [#]. (pg15)

10⁴⁰

There are [#] commonly used types of fields. (NAME THEM FRFR) (pg15)

2 (scalar, vector)

As long as you are near the ground (i.e., the height of the object with respect to the ground is small compared to Earth’s radius), then the field g has approximately the same value everywhere ([#] newtons per kilogram). (pg17)

9.8

For most satellites in orbit, g is about [#] percent of the value it has on the Earth’s surface. (pg17)

90

In the area where the Moon orbits, g is less than [#] percent of its original value, but it is still enough to keep the Moon bound to the Earth. (pg17)

1

A substance can be a good conductor in [#] different contexts. (NAME THEM FRFR) (pg26)

2 (electricity, heat)