Industrial Revolution

How did people live in 1750?

Most people lived in small rural villages and worked as farmers using hand tools.

How did the Industrial Revolution change villages?

Villages grew into industrial towns and cities with factories and new job opportunities.

What improved methods of farming were developed in the 1700s?

Crop rotation

What was the enclosure movement?

Wealthy landowners fenced off common lands to create larger

What was the effect of the enclosure movement?

Small farmers lost their land and moved to cities to find work.

What happened to farm laborers as a result of the enclosure movement?

Many became unemployed and migrated to industrial towns to work in factories.

What caused the population explosion of the 1700s?

Better farming led to more food

Before the Industrial Revolution what sources of energy did people rely on?

human, animal, water, and wind power.

What was coal used to develop?

Coal powered steam engines and was used to produce iron.

What did James Watt invent?

He improved the steam engine

What new methods of producing iron were developed?

Smelting iron with coal instead of charcoal made stronger

What resources did Great Britain have to contribute to the start of the Industrial Revolution?

Coal

Where did Great Britain get its capital from? What did it invest it in?

Profits from trade and the slave trade; invested in mines

In what industry did the Industrial Revolution start? Why?

The textile industry — demand for cloth grew and inventions made production faster.

What did John Kay invent? What did it do?

The flying shuttle — it sped up weaving cloth.

What did James Hargreaves invent?

The spinning jenny

What did Richard Arkwright invent?

The water frame

Why did the factory system come about?

Machines became too large and expensive to be used at home.

Where were factories located at first?

Near rivers and streams for water power.

What is a factory?

A building where workers and machines produce goods.

What is a turnpike? Why did capitalists invest in them?

Private roads with tolls; investors made money and improved transport for goods.

What other developments were made in the area of transportation?

Canals

What did the invention of the steam locomotive make possible?

Trains could carry goods and people quickly over land.

What was the effect of George Stephenson’s steam powered locomotive?

Railroads grew

What did Robert Fulton invent?

The steamboat

What is urbanization? Why did people migrate to cities?

Urbanization is the growth of cities; people moved for factory jobs.

Describe the new middle class that developed during the Industrial Revolution.

Made up of merchants

What are tenements? Who lived there?

Crowded apartment buildings where poor workers lived.

What conditions did people face in tenements?

crowded, dirty, cramped rooms.

What are labor unions? What did they want to do?

Worker organizations that fought for better pay

Describe Methodism.

A religious movement that encouraged moral living and self-improvement.

How did work become harder and more dangerous working in factories?

large, fast, and unguarded machinery, long hours, poor safety regulations, poor ventilation

Why did factory owners employ women at first?

They could pay women less than men.

What problems did working women face?

Long hours, less pay, unsafe working conditions.

Why did factories and mines hire children?

They were cheap labor and could fit into small spaces.

What often happened to children who worked in mines or factories?

They were injured

Why did factory owners keep workers’ wages low?

To increase profits and because many workers were available.

What benefits did industrialization bring?

More jobs

What is the germ theory?

The idea that diseases are caused by microbes.

List 3 accomplishments of Louis Pasteur.

developed germ theory, inventing the process of pasteurization, and creating the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax

How were hospitals dangerous places?

They were dirty and spread infection.

List 2 accomplishments of Florence Nightingale.

Improved hospital sanitation and founded modern nursing.

What did Joseph Lister discover?

Antiseptics prevent infection during surgery.

How did urban renewal change cities?

Old areas were rebuilt with wider streets

What improvements made living in a city safer and more comfortable?

Paved streets

Why were people lured to the city?

Jobs

How did workers try to improve working conditions?

Formed unions

What laws did governments pass to regulate working conditions?

Limited child labor

What did Adam Smith assert in his book, The Wealth of Nations?

national wealth is generated through free markets, competition, and the division of labor.

What did Thomas Malthus predict? Was it true?

Population would grow faster than food supply; it didn’t happen due to progress.

Describe Ricardo’s “iron law of wages.”

Wages stay low because more workers lead to lower pay.

What did Malthus and Ricardo both oppose?

Government help for the poor.

What is utilitarianism?

The idea that society should promote the greatest happiness for the most people.

What did John Stuart Mill want the government to do?

Protect workers and improve the lives of the poor.

Why did some people condemn capitalism?

It created inequality and poor working conditions.

What is socialism?

The belief that people as a whole should own and operate industries.

What did socialists want to develop?

A society based on cooperation instead of competition.

Who were the Utopians?

Early socialists who wanted to build ideal

What did Robert Owen do?

Created a model factory town with good housing and education for workers.

Who is Karl Marx? What pamphlet did he and Friedrich Engels write?

A philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto with Engels.

What is communism?

A system where all property is owned by the community; no social classes.

According to Marx, who were the bourgeoisie?

capitalist class who owned the means of production like factories, land, and resources.

Who were the proletariat?

The working class.

What did Marx predict the proletariat would do?

Rise up

Why did Marx’s prediction never occur?

Living conditions improved and workers gained rights peacefully.

Where did Marx’s theory inspire revolution?

Russia