Comparative Anatomy (Last part of the third exam)

_____ is the process of exchanging the gas in the airways and alveoli with gas from the environment.

Ventilation

T/F: The main function of the breathing is ventilation

T

Define the term: Pressure within the lung

Intrapulmonic pressure

Define the term: Pressure outside the lungs but within the thoracic cavity.

Intrapleural pressure

Air flows in the lung during ______ because of pressure within the lung lower than atmospheric pressure.

Inspiration

Air flows out of lungs during because the intrapulmonic pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure.

expiration

When the lungs inflate, ____ pressure decreases due to the ____ volume in the ____ cavity.

Intrapulmonic, decreases, thoracic

T/T/F: To allow air to move out of the lungs during expiration, intrapulmonic pressure must pressure positive.

True

Why do we have positive pressure?

Due to the recoil tendency of lungs

How does the thorax enlarges in the respiratory cycle?

By contraction of the diaphragm and by contraction of the intercostal muscles

How does the diaphragm move? Fill in the blank. ____ muscle can aid with inspiration and expiration which forces _____ cranial and forces the diaphragm to move during the respiratory cycle.

Abdominal muscle, abdominal viscera

Visible movement of abdomen. What type of breathing is this?

Abdominal breathing

Pronounced rib movements, this is seen during what type of breathing?

Costal breathing

Define the condition: If the intrapleural space is opened, the diaphragm can’t create contraction to create a vacuum and the lungs can’t inflate.

Pneumothorax

____ is the short air passageway between the glottis and the upper end of the trachea in tetrapods.

Larynx

The glottis and associated cartilages are instrumental for ____

Vocal communication

laryngeal cartilages in mammals are ___, ____, _____

arytenoids, cricoids, and thyroid

______ muscles provide the larynx with mobility to swallow

Extrinsic laryngeal

_____ is the organ of phonation meaning helps in producing sound.

Larynx

____ is the organ of phonation in birds.

Syrinx

______ is the laryngeal opening between vocal cords

Glottis

______ is the leaf shaped plate of cartilage covered with mucus membranes.

Epiglottis

Pitch in human voice is a function of the tension within the cord. What is this controlled by?

Vocal folds (cord)

T/F: In the birds, the rings are incomplete dorsally and united by a smooth muscle and the brachial rings are complete.

True

____ is the destruction of the alveolar membranes resulting in a smaller area for gas diffusion.

Emphysema

In _____ Chronic bronchitis increases the positive pressure within the alveoli that is needed for the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle.

Emphysema

______ is the inflammation condition of the lungs in which the alveoli fills with fluid and cellular debris.

Pneumonia

____ is the collapse of alveoli resulting from airway obstruction and lack of surfactant.

Atelectasis

Define the state of breathing: normal quiet breathing

Eupnea

Difficulty breathing. Define term.

Dyspnea

breathing with increased depth, frequency or both (exercise)

Hyperpnea

rapid shallow breathing

Polypnea

cessation of breathing

Apnea

excessive rapidity of breathing

Tachypnea

abnormally slow breathing

Bradypnea

_____ is  any sound that accompanies air movement through the tracheobronchial tree.

Auscultation of breath sounds

●Crackles-edema in lungs

●Wheezes- bronchoconstriction

●Absence of sound from  non-functional lung tissue

These are the what type of sound?

Adventitious sound

Anoxia

Without oxygen

Hypoxia

Low oxygen

Hypercapnia

Excess carbon dioxide

Hypocapnia

Low carbon dioxide

Cyanosis

Blue color from lack of oxygen

Asphyxia

Hypoxia combined with hypercapnia ( suffocation)

______ cool blood that supplies the brain

Turbinates