Structural Organization Lecture Flashcards

A set of 50 flashcards created from lecture notes covering human anatomy, cellular structure, tissues, body systems, anatomical terminology, and assessment methods.

What is anatomy as defined in Key Terms (2.1)?

The study of the structure & shape of the body & its parts & their relationships to one another (Form & Structure).

What is gross anatomy?

Large, easily observable structures.

What is microscopic anatomy?

Body structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

What is physiology as defined in Key Terms (2.1)?

The study of how the body & its parts work (Function).

What is homeostasis?

The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing (balance).

What is metabolism?

The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Which body systems make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood for metabolism?

Digestive & respiratory systems.

Which system distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body for metabolism?

Cardiovascular system.

What secretes the hormones that regulate metabolism?

Endocrine glands.

What is cellular respiration?

Use of oxygen to produce ATP & carbon dioxide.

What molecule examples are given on Page 5 of the transcript?

Water ($H_2O$), nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids.

What four main types of tissue form the tissue level of structural organization?

Muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial.

Which cell organelle acts like a gatekeeper allowing certain things to enter or exit and keeping water from drowning the cell?

Cell Membrane.

Which cell part is compared to the Mayor that directs cell activity and contains the cell's DNA?

Nucleus.

How is cytoplasm described in the cell parts city analogy?

Jelly-like substance that keeps everything in their place (like Jello with fruit).

Which organelles are compared to meat factories that produce protein for the cell?

Ribosome.

Which organelle is compared to a powerplant that generates energy for the cell?

Mitochondria.

Which organelle is compared to restaurants where lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are made?

Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Which organelle is compared to UPS because it packages and ships items throughout the cell?

Golgi Apparatus.

What cell components are compared to trucks used by the Golgi Apparatus to ship things?

Vesicles.

Which organelle acts like the clean up crew by digesting worn out organelles and food particles?

Lysosome.

Which organelle is compared to a food pantry used to store food, enzymes, and other materials?

Vacuoles.

Which cell structure is compared to scaffolding providing support and structure for the cell?

Cytoskeleton.

What is the function of nerve tissue in the body?

Sends impulses to/from the CNS and to/from the body systems.

Where is epithelial tissue located in the human body?

Forms the outer skin & lines body cavities & passages to the outside of the body, forms glands.

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

Protects, secretes, absorbs, & receives sensations (hot, cold, pressure).

In what locations can connective tissue be found in the body?

Bones, tendons, fat tissue, blood.

What is the function and control mechanism of cardiac muscle tissue?

Contracts heart; involuntary.

Where is smooth muscle tissue located, and what is its function?

Located in internal organs (stomach, diaphragm); contracts internal organs; involuntary.

What is the function and control type of striated/skeletal muscle tissue?

Contracts & flexes to allow movement; voluntary.

Which three tissue types join together to form the heart?

Connective, cardiac & nerve tissue.

Which structures are included in the Skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments.

Which components are included in the Lymphatic system?

Immune system white blood cells, lymph nodes.

Which organs make up the Respiratory system?

Lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

Which organs are included in the Digestive system?

Esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Which organs form the Urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

What is the role of the Pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

Master gland; controls all other glands.

What function is listed for the Pineal gland?

Body rhythm.

What hormone is produced by the adrenal gland and what does it affect?

Adrenalin; affects heart rate, blood pressure.

What hormone is secreted by the pancreas and what does it regulate?

Insulin; regulates blood sugar, energy.

Which structures are included in the Integumentary system?

Skin, sweat & oil glands, hair follicles.

How is an organism defined on Page 29?

An individual plant, animal or single celled life form.

What defines subjective evaluation items in an illness or injury assessment?

Existing in the mind; items the patient tells you about the injury or illness (what, how, where, when happened, history, sensations, previous treatment).

What defines objective evaluation items in an illness or injury assessment?

Not influenced by personal feelings or prejudice; based on facts; everything you SEE and DO (general appearance, edema, temperature, ROM, gait, muscle strength, stress tests).

In cell division, how many chromosomes are present in daughter cells resulting from mitosis versus meiosis?

Mitosis daughter cells have 46 chromosomes; Meiosis daughter cells have 23 chromosomes.

What is the standard anatomical position?

Standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and close, & palms facing forward.

How does the Sagittal or Anteroposterior Plane (AP) divide the body, and what exercise occurs in it?

Bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical (midsagittal) halves or a right & left half; Example: Sit-up.

How does the Frontal, Lateral or Coronal Plane divide the body, and what exercise is given as an example?

Divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves; Example: Jumping Jacks.

How does the Transverse, Axial or Horizontal Plane divide the body, and what exercise occurs in it?

Divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves; Example: Spinal rotation to left or right.

What separates the thoracic cavity from the rest of the ventral cavity?

The diaphragm.