APUSH Period 4 Key Terms

Adams-Onis Treaty

• negotiated by John Quincy Adams, 1819

• Spain ceded all its land east of the Mississippi River to US in hopes of maintaining Western border

• following some conflicts w spain??

• US pays 5 mil and gives up claims to Texas

• president Monroe wanted to limit Spain’s power in North America previously

American System

national economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in early 1800s to promote the US economy by combining federally funded internal improvements to aid farmers while protecting American manufacturers by placing high tariffs on imported goods

• popular in the west, incorporated region into economy via transportation networks

Barbary Pirates

off the coast of North Africa, US presidents paid tribute to pirates there to avoid them attacking US ships

• Jefferson refused to pay this tribute → 4 years of fighting

• not an actual outcome from fighting, but US gained respect

• to avoid all-out war, Congress accepted a new treaty with them that reduced payment

Battle of New Orleans

Battle in War of 1812, led by General Andrew Jackson

• ended a British attempt to invade US thru New Orleans

• took place after Treaty of Ghent signed, they had not yet received word of it

• Jackson’s win and led to a rush of nationalism in US & launched his military career

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Corrupt Bargain

Cotton Gin

a machine invented by eli whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton. dramaticaly reduced the time and labor, facilitating expansion of cotton production in south & west

• more slavery as a result

Declaration of Sentiments

Embargo Act

• Jefferson unable to convince powers to recognize US neutrality, so tried to force GB’s hand

• act in 1807 that prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain & France repealed restrictions on US trade & ceased British impressment of American sailors

• intended to assert US neutrality, but had a devastating impact on American commerce and NE merchants MAD (recession basically)

Eerie Canal

completed in 1825, the Eerie canal was an important internal improvement that spanned 363 miles from Lake Eerie to the Hudson River, thereby providing access, via the Great Lakes, through the canal, and down the Hudson, to trade between the Midwest & Northeast

• state funded by NY

Force Bill

Haitian Revolution

Hartford Convention

• a secret convention in 1814 of federalists opposed to war of 1812

• delegates of convention considered a number of constitutional amendments, as well as the possibility of secession

• after news of the convention spread, public sentiment turned against the Federalists & the party never recovered

Hudson River School

Indian Removal Act

Judicial Review

the Supreme court’s ability to rule on constitutionality of cases both at the federal and state levels

• policy had the effect of solidifying a more federalist interpretation of the constitution and powers of the governmentw

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Louisiana Purchase

Marbury v. Madison

• one of first cases to test court’s authority involving a dispute over President Adams’s midnight appointments - bc Madison refused to deliver the appointment papers

• Supreme court decision in 1803 penned by Chief Justice John Marshall that established the authority of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws, also known as judicial review

Market Revolution

innovations in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation in early 1800s that increased efficiency and productivity and linked local producers to distant markets

• solidified the connections of northern industry w/ western farms & southern plantations and eliminated independent shops and artisans in favor of factory mass production

• transformed society, new opportunities

McCulloch v. Maryland

a Supreme court decision in 1819 that reinforced the federal government’s ability to employ an expansive understanding of the implied powers of the constitution

• the court ruled that the state of maryland was unable to tax the second bank of the US, allowing the federal government the right to establish a federal bank while rejecting the ability of states to tax it

• bc Maryland had imposed a tax on the bank, court rejected it ultimately

Missouri Compromise

• a compromise generated to maintain the balance of power between slave & free states in the US senate

• act established the southern border of Missouri as the boundary between future slave & free states admitted from LA territory

Monroe Doctrine

Assertion by Pres Monroe in 1823 that western hemisphere was part of the US sphere of influence & off limits to future Euro colonization

• athough US lacked power to back it up, signaled an intention to challenge Europeans for authority in the Americas

Nat Turner Rebellion

Nullification Crisis

Panic of 1819

the nation’s first severe economic depression, due largely to irresponsible banking practices & a decline in American exports such as cotton

• lasted four years, slowed previously rapid westward expansion & resulted in widespread bankruptcies & mass unemployment, generating the loss of millions of acres of land & businesses in nationwide bankruptcies, and resulting in massive popular protests

Panic of 1839

Second Bank of the US

• directors of it, fearing a continued expansion of the money supply, tightened the credit they provided to branch banks

• led to economic panic

Spoil Systems

Tariff of Abominations

Temperance

Trail of Tears

Transcendentalism

Treaty of Ghent

• accord signed in December of 1814 that ended the war of 1812 & reestablished the pre-war status quo regarding land claims between US & Britain in present-day Belgium

• issue of impressment was NOT resolved and Native allies to British lost a lot of land

Utopian Society

War of 1812

war between US & Great Britain from 1812-1815. 

• one consequence of ongoing conflict between GB & France, as each nation sought to forcibly restrict US trade w/ the other

• while the war resulted in little territorial gains by either side, it solidified foreign recognition of the US as a power & pushed them to create a stronger military & national economic foundation in event of future wars

John C. Calhoun

John Marshall

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Sacagawea

• helped on the corps of discovery, which was an expedition exploring territory along the Missouri River

• she spoke several Indian languages and joined the expedition as interpreter

• her extensive knowledge of the terrain & fluency in languages proved essential to the success of the mission

• only American Indian to travel as a permanent member of the expedition

Samuel F.B. Morse