Year 10 HASS Validation Essay Revision Content

1. Introduction + “Thesis Statement”

1. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, led to the deaths of approximately 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 74,000 in Nagasaki. While some argue that these bombings were necessary to end World War 2, this justification does not absolve Truman from responsibility. Under international law, particularly the Nuremberg Principles, the use of nuclear weapons against civilians constitutes crimes against humanity as defined in Principle VI [c]. Truman’s status as Head of State does not excuse him from liability under Principle III. This essay will show that Truman’s actions qualify as crimes against humanity based on indiscriminate mass killing, long-term radiation effects, and the lack of military necessity, providing beyond reasonable doubt that he should be held accountable.

2. Indiscrimate Mass Killing (1st Body Paragraph)

2. The atomic bombings targeted civilians, constituting murder and extermination, key elements of crimes against humanity under the Nuremberg Principle VI [c]. The bombings caused 140,000 deaths in Hiroshima and 74,000 in Nagasaki. These included non-combatants such as women, children, and elderly. Accounts from survivors like Yoshitaka Kawamoto describe people incinerated or suffering agonising deaths. The bombings obliterated entire cities indiscriminately, violating international law’s principle of proportionality. Crimes against humanity involve attacks on civilians. Unlike conventional warfare, the atomic bombs destroyed cities without distinguishing between combatants and civilians, amounting to an act of extermination. The scale of casualties and targeting of civilians satisfies the legal definition of crimes against humanity. Truman’s decision to use atomic bombs violated the international legal norms, reinforcing his culpability under the Nuremberg Principles.

3. Long-Term Radiation Effects (2nd Body Paragraph)

3. Beyond immediate destruction, the radiation exposure caused long-term suffering, violating the prohibition of inhumane acts against civilians under Principle VI [c]. Survivors (Hibakusha) faced radiation sickness, leukemia, and genetic mutations. Studies show increased cancer rates and birth defects. Many survivors also suffered psychological trauma and ostracism. Crimes against humanity include acts causing long-term suffering. Unlike conventional weapons, nuclear bombs have lingering effects, harming future generations. Truman’s decision caused prolonged suffering, violating human rights and international humanitarian law. Truman’s decision led to enduring suffering for survivors, further proving his responsibility for crimes against humanity under international law.

4. Lack of Military Necessity (3rd Body Paragraph)

4. The bombings were unnecessary for military victory, making them an unjustifiable act of mass killing under Principle VI [c]. General Dwight D. Eisenhower opposed the bombings, stating Japan was already defeated. Admiral William D. Leahy also believed the bomb was unnecessary. Japan sought surrender, and the U.S. demand for ‘unconditional surrender’ was the main obstacle. Alternatives like allowing Japan to keep its emperor could have ended the war without the bombings. A key element of crimes against humanity is the lack of justification for the act. If an action causes mass harm without necessity, it is unlawful. Truman had alternatives and chose to target civilians, an act that was disproportionate and unjustified. Military leaders’ opposition undermines the necessity argument, reinforcing Truman’s responsibility under Principle VI [c].

5. Conclusion (Final Paragraph)

5. In conclusion, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki meet the criteria for crimes against humanity as defined by the Nuremberg Principles. The indiscriminate mass killing of civilians, long-term suffering from radiation, and lack of military necessity all show Truman’s actions were criminal. Principle III establishes that Truman’s status as Head of State doesn’t absolve him, while Principle VI [c] classifies his actions as murder and inhumane acts. Truman should be held accountable for his crimes against humanity and sentenced accordingly. This case sets an important precedent for international justice, ensuring leaders are not above the law when committing atrocities. If your honour pleases, this is the Closing Address.