Christianity final exam

Who was Cardinal Francisco Ximenes de Cisneros and what were his contributions?

He reformed religious houses to align with vows of poverty, created the University of Alcala, and directed scholars to work on Polyglot Bibles.

What are Polyglot Bibles?

Editions of the Bible that present the text in multiple languages side-by-side, allowing for comparative study and deeper understanding of the scriptures.

What new religious orders were established during the Counter-Reformation?

The Theatines in 1524, Ursulines in 1535, Jesuits in 1540, and the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians) in 1625.

What was the purpose of the Congregation of the Mission (Vincentians)?

Founded by St. Vincent de Paul in 1625, their mission was to preach the Gospel, serve the poor, and form clergy.

Who founded the Society of Jesuits and what was his background?

Ignatius Loyola, who was trained as a knight and shaped by a military background.

What significant work did Ignatius Loyola author?

The Spiritual Exercises.

What was the role of Pope Paul III in the Counter-Reformation?

He led the Council of Trent and appointed reformers to the College of Cardinals.

What were some of the reforms initiated by Pope Paul III?

Appointment of reformers, addressing secularism in the papal office, and stopping abuses like the selling of church offices and indulgences.

What were the reasons for the delay in convening the Council of Trent?

Ongoing political clashes, fears of control over the council, and lack of interest from Popes like Leo X and Clement VII.

What was the main goal of the Council of Trent?

To address doctrinal and reform issues within the Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.

What distinction did the Council of Trent make regarding justification?

It distinguished between justification and salvation, stating that justification is by faith, which is a gift and the first stage in salvation.

What was the Council of Trent's position on Scripture and Sacraments?

It affirmed the importance of Scripture and unwritten tradition, declared the Vulgate as the only authoritative translation, and set the number of sacraments at seven.

What reforms were made by the Council of Trent regarding clerical practices?

Abolition of the sale of indulgences, bishops were given supervisory power, and penalties were imposed for blasphemy and violation of celibacy.

Who was Peter Canisius and what were his contributions?

Born in 1521, he was a key figure in the Counter-Reformation, founded the first Jesuit college in Sicily, and advocated for peace with Protestants.

What was Charles Borromeo's role in the Counter-Reformation?

He was an influential cardinal and archbishop of Milan, pivotal in the Council of Trent, and implemented its decrees.

What was the purpose of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine?

To provide religious education, particularly to children, based on the Apostles' Creed and the Lord's Prayer.

What was the revival of mysticism in the Catholic Church?

A response to the Protestant Reformation that emphasized personal prayer and mystical union with God, influenced by figures like St. Teresa of Ávila.

What contributions did John of the Cross make to Christian mysticism?

He emphasized steps of mystical ascent and faced friction within the Carmelite Order due to his reform efforts.

What was Teresa of Avila's vision for the Carmelite order?

She sought a stricter religious life closer to God and worked with John of the Cross to create monasteries.

What is Deism and its beliefs?

Deism is a philosophy that views the world as a designed machine by a perfect creator, rejecting traditional Christian beliefs such as prophecy and miracles.

What truths did Lord Herbert of Cherbury assert about God?

He affirmed God's existence, the importance of virtue and piety, the duty to worship, and the belief in rewards or punishments after death.

What key aspects did Cherbury not mention in his truths?

He did not mention specific doctrines such as the Incarnation and Resurrection.

What is the significance of the Trinity in Christian theology?

It represents the unity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as three distinct persons in one God.

What was René Descartes' approach to philosophical inquiry?

He began by doubting everything he had been taught, ultimately concluding that he could not doubt his own thinking consciousness.

What was Descartes' contribution to mathematics?

He was well known for his work in geometry.

What did Descartes separate in his philosophical work?

He separated theological doctrines based on faith from claims solely about God.

What is Rationalism?

It is the belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge and that there is no need for supernatural revelation.

How did Thomas Jefferson view Jesus in relation to religion?

He promoted a religion that viewed Jesus as a moral teacher rather than the Son of God.

What was Immanuel Kant's stance on Jesus' teachings?

He argued that teachings endorsed by Jesus that were reasonable should be respected, while those against reason should be rejected.

What did David Hume assert about the laws of nature?

He claimed that the laws of nature are so firmly established that testimony of a violation would be unconvincing.

Who was Marquis de Condorcet and what was his belief about human progress?

He was a proponent of progress, arguing that history shows the human race is moving towards ultimate perfection.

What does the term 'evangelical' broadly refer to?

It refers to having to do with the gospel of the Bible and is often synonymous with Protestantism in the USA.

What are the theological emphases of evangelicalism?

They include a sense of sin, the weakness of man without God, a profound psychological experience of conversion, and dedication to service.

What concept did John Wesley introduce to Christians?

He sought to move Christians beyond justification to what he termed entire sanctification.

What is the distinctiveness of Methodism according to Wesley?

It teaches that Christian perfection is attainable in this life, setting it apart from Lutheran and Calvinist theology.

What was the Great Awakening?

A series of religious revivals in the 18th century that significantly impacted American religion and society.

Who was George Whitefield and what was his role in the Great Awakening?

He preached in the American colonies, emphasizing the need for emotional responses to faith and is labeled the father of evangelicalism.

What were some of the 'Fruits of Revivalism' in the 19th century?

They included social reforms such as anti-slavery movements, temperance, prison reform, charitable work, and education.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A Protestant religious revival in the United States from approximately 1790 to 1840, reacting against Enlightenment rationalism.

What is Restorationism?

A movement that aimed to end church division and return to a pre-denominational state by appealing to scripture alone.

What was the Holiness Movement?

A response to revivalist calls that included annual camp meetings and aimed for a deeper spiritual experience.

What characterized the large outdoor gatherings of the Second Great Awakening?

They were known as camp meetings, providing communal worship and revival experiences.

What was the controversy surrounding Restorationism?

It eventually split over the use of musical instruments in church services and issues related to organizational structure.

What was the focus of the movement that separated from the Methodist tradition?

The focus was on personal holiness.

Who was Alexander Campbell and what was his contribution to Christianity?

Alexander Campbell was a prominent American clergyman, writer, and founder of the Disciples of Christ and Bethany College, who played a significant role in the Restoration Movement.

What was the goal of the Restoration Movement that Alexander Campbell was part of?

The goal was to restore the early Christian church's practices and beliefs.

What approach did Alexander Campbell take towards Christianity?

He took a rationalistic and deliberative approach based on the New Testament, influencing the development of non-denominational Christian churches.

Who was Barton Stone and what was his significance in American religious history?

Barton Stone was a significant figure in the early 19th-century American religious landscape, known for his leadership in the Restoration Movement and the Second Great Awakening.

What did Barton Stone emphasize in his religious teachings?

He emphasized Christian unity, the rejection of denominational labels, and advocated for the Bible as the sole authority.

With whom did Barton Stone ally to form the Disciples of Christ?

He allied with Alexander Campbell.

What is Pentecostalism and what event does its name reference?

Pentecostalism is a Protestant Christian movement that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit, taking its name from the Pentecost miracle recounted in the Acts of the Apostles.

What are key beliefs of Pentecostalism?

Pentecostals believe in the inerrancy of the Bible and the necessity of the New Birth, which involves repenting of sin and accepting Jesus Christ as one's personal Lord and Savior.

Who is considered the founder of Pentecostalism?

Charles Parham is considered the founder of Pentecostalism.

What significant experience did Sunday school students have under Charles Parham?

They experienced spirit baptism and the gift of tongues.

What characterizes the worship services in Pentecostalism?

They are marked by highly emotional prayer services, traditional codes of morality, and biblical literalism.

What is the significance of Revelation 20:1-10 in Millennialism?

It describes the second coming of Jesus Christ, where the bodies of saints are raised and they will reign with Christ for a thousand years in an earthly kingdom.

What are the three main views of Millennialism?

Postmillennialism, Premillennialism, and Amillennialism.

What is Augustine's view on the thousand years mentioned in Revelation?

He believed that the thousand years should be interpreted symbolically and that the promised reign of Christ on earth has already been fulfilled by the church.

What does Postmillennialism assert about Christ's second coming?

It posits that Christ's second coming will occur after a symbolic millennium, reflecting an optimistic view of progress and human development.

What is the Premillennialist perspective on Christ's return?

It holds that Christ's return happens before the millennium promised in Revelation, with a more literal understanding of the millennial kingdom.

Who were the Seventh-Day Adventists and what did they predict?

They were followers of William Miller, who mistakenly predicted the end of the world in 1843 and 1844.

Who were William Miller and what was his contribution to the Adventist movement?

An American Baptist preacher who founded the Millerite movement, predicting the Second Coming of Christ around 1843.

What role did Ellen Gould White play in the Seventh-Day Adventist movement?

She provided prophetic authority to her followers and was expelled from her Methodist fellowship for her millennial views.

What are the modern views of the Seventh-Day Adventists?

They have abandoned the expectation of an imminent second coming and are known for their missionary zeal, medical work, and dedication to a healthy lifestyle.

Who founded the Jehovah's Witnesses and what were their key beliefs?

Founded by Charles Russell, they prophesied Christ's secret return in 1874 and emphasized eschatology and aggressive preaching.

What did Charles Taze Russell teach regarding Christ's return?

He preached that Christ's 'invisible return' occurred in 1874 and predicted a golden age beginning in 1914.

What is the Church of Latter Day Saints known for?

Founded by Joseph Smith, it considers the Book of Mormon as part of its canon and views itself as Christ's kingdom established on earth.

What is the significance of the Book of Mormon?

It is considered a new canonical revelation and purports to be a record of ancient peoples from biblical Israel who migrated to America.

Who succeeded Joseph Smith as the leader of the Latter Day Saints?

Brigham Young.

What was Blaise Pascal known for?

He was a mathematician and physicist who had a profound spiritual experience and contributed to the Jansenist movement.

What challenges did mid-nineteenth century European Catholicism face?

Anticlerical policies, state control of ecclesiastical affairs, and issues related to education and marriage.

What was the Kulturkampf?

A significant political and religious conflict in 19th-century Germany between the Catholic Church and the Prussian state.

What is Ultramontanism?

A tendency to exalt the authority of the papacy, emphasizing the supreme authority of the Pope within Roman Catholicism.

What was Pius IX's role in the Catholic Church?

He was the head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878 and convened the First Vatican Council.

What is the Syllabus of Errors?

A document issued by Pope Pius IX condemning 80 propositions seen as heretical, aimed at counteracting liberalism and modernism.

What was the First Vatican Council's main outcome?

It defined the doctrine of papal infallibility and established the Pope's supreme authority in matters of faith and morals.

What does Pastor Aeternus declare?

It declares the Pope's primacy over the whole church without reconciling his authority with that of bishops.

What is the significance of papal infallibility?

It asserts that there is no higher court of appeal in matters of faith and morals.

Who was Junipero Serra and what was his mission?

A Spanish missionary who spread Christianity to Native Americans and faced criticism for his conversion methods.

What was the impact of the nineteenth-century missionary endeavor in Africa?

Missionaries converted many Africans to Christianity, established schools, and promoted literacy, but also eroded indigenous traditions.

What was the Partition of Africa?

A period of rapid colonization of Africa by European powers formalized at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885.

Who was Robert Moffat?

A Scottish congregationalist missionary to South Africa who translated the entire Bible into Setswana.

What did David Livingstone aim to achieve in Africa?

He wanted to spread the gospel through native agents and focused on the intersection of Christianity, commerce, and civilization.

What is the primary goal of the Africa Inland Mission?

To establish Christ-centered churches among African peoples.

Who founded the Africa Inland Mission?

Peter Cameron Scott, a Scottish-American missionary.

What year was the Africa Inland Mission founded?

1895

What significant action did the British Parliament take regarding India in 1858?

Took the government of India out of the hands of the British East India Company and placed it under the crown.

Why did the British East India Company oppose missionary work?

They feared that preaching would lead to riots.

Who was William Carey and what was his belief regarding the gospel?

A Baptist missionary who believed Christians have the obligation to preach the gospel to those who have never heard it.

What was the Baptist Missionary Society (BMS) and when was it founded?

Founded in 1792 in Kettering, England, it aimed to spread the Christian gospel to non-Christian populations.

What was the first mission of the Baptist Missionary Society?

To India.

What challenges did William Carey face when he arrived in Calcutta?

He faced enormous obstacles and wrote to England, which resulted in further interest in his mission.

What was one of Carey's significant contributions to the Bible?

He translated the Bible into 35 languages.

Who was Alexander Duff and what was his belief about spreading Christianity in India?

A Scottish Presbyterian who believed that education was the best way for Christianity to enter India.

What impact did Alexander Duff have on India's leaders post-independence?

Many leaders were influenced by Christianity due to his efforts.

Who was Pandita Ramabai and what did she advocate for?

She advocated for the breaking of the caste system and devoted her life to educating women.

What was Adinoram Judson known for?

He was an American congregationalist turned Baptist who translated the Bible into many languages.

What was Robert Morrison's significance in missionary history?

He was the first Protestant missionary in China and devoted his life to translating the Bible.

How long did it take Robert Morrison to gain his first convert?

Seven years.

What was the Ko Tha Byus tribe in relation to Adinoram Judson?

Judson spread Christianity among the Ko Tha Byus tribe.