Studied by 14 people
Atoms
The small particles which make up everything and anything.
Subatomic Particles
particles inside the atom. (Smaller than atoms)
Nucleus
In the center of the atom. Contains 2 subatomic particles.
Orbitals/ clouds
circles on the outside of the atom. Contains 1 subatomic particle.
Protons
Positively charged (+1 charge), subatomic particles. Weighs 1 amu. Found in the Nucleus.
Neutrons
Neutrally charged (0 charge), subatomic particles. Weighs 1 amu. Found in the nucleus
Electrons
negatively charged (-1 charge), subatomic particles. Has a negligible mass. Found in the orbitals/ clouds.
amu
atomic mass unit
Negligible
so small we pretend it dosent exist
Atomic Number
number of protons in an atom. Defining characteristic of all elements.
Atomic Mass
Number of protons and neutrons in an atom (Average number of all isotopes of an element)
Isotopes
Atoms that have the same atomic number,but different atomic masses. (The same element but different masses)
Avogadro’s number
A mole, which is like a dozen in real life.
Mole
6.022x10²³
Dalton's theory
Realized that matter had to be made of particles, that could not be broken apart or destroyed. Created the particle model (Just a sphere representing the particle).
Thomson’s Atomic Theory
Used the plum pudding model and found that atoms were negatively charged. Thus finding electrons.
Rutherford's Atomic Theory
Used the gold foil experiment, and figured out there was space in the atom. Made the nuclear model, which showed a nucleus with electrons around it. Figured out protons as well as the nucleus.
Bohr's Atomic theory
Expanded off Rutherford using advanced psychics dealing with electromagnetic energy. Found the electron clouds. Made the planetary model which shows the nucleus and the orbitals which look like planet rings
Schrodinger's model
Expanded off Bohr by making the model 3D. Shows the clouds as expanded balloons and spheres for the nucleus.
Attractive force and distance
The larger, the less attractive force, and vise versa
Attractive force and protons
The more there are, the greater the attractive force.
Ions
Elements or atoms with the wrong number of electrons. (Has a charge). When protons ≠ Electrons
Neutral atom
Protons = Electrons. (Has no charge)
Total charge=
Atomic number or protons - Electrons
Ide
The ending for an element when it is an ion.
Oxide ion
Oxygen as an ion
Light spectra
The color spectrum released by atoms, as the electrons lose energ. Unique for each atom.
Shorter wavelengths
give off colors like: Violet and blue. Have more energy
Longer wavelengths
Give off colors like: Orange and Red. Have less energy.
Excited State
When the electrons have more energy and jump up energy levels/ orbitals
Ground State
When the electrons are back to their original orbitals
Photon
Particle of light
Valance Electrons
Electrons on the outside of the atom (farthest orbital/cloud)
Group 1
Group on the periodic table with 1 Valence electrons
Group 2
Group on the periodic table with 2 Valence electrons
Group 13
Group on the periodic table with 3 Valence electrons
Group 15
Group on the periodic table with 5 Valence electrons
Group 18
Group on the periodic table with 8 Valence electrons
Middle groups
Groups on the periodic table that have a random amount of valence electrons.
Orbital S
Orbital that can hold 2 electrons
Orbital P
Orbital that can hold 6 electrons
Orbital d
Orbital that can hold 10 electrons
Orbital f
Orbital that can hold 14 electrons
Energy level 1
Energy level with only orbital S
Energy level 2
Energy level with orbitals S and P
Energy level 3
Energy level with orbitals S, P, and d
Energy level 4+
Energy level with all orbitals S, P, d, and f.
Hydrogen electron notation
1s¹
Lithium electron notation
1s² 2s¹
