Human Physiology: Cell Structure, Membrane, Homeostasis, and Transport (Fill-in-the-Blank)

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering topics from cell organization, membrane structure, body compartments, homeostasis, and transport mechanisms.

The level that groups related organs into a functional unit is __.

organ system

The complete living unit is the __.

organism

All cells have the same basic components, but they differ in their __ (the function they perform).

differentiation

Different cells are differentiated to enable them to perform a __.

specific function

Cells have different __ that allow them to perform different functions.

structures

Structure vs function: Neurons have myelin to protect the neuron and many __ to support their function.

mitochondria

Red blood cells can carry oxygen; to function they accumulate __.

hemoglobin

The plasma membrane is composed of a __ bilayer.

phospholipid

The plasma membrane contains cholesterol and both peripheral and integral __.

proteins

The phospholipid bilayer has polar hydrophilic heads and nonpolar hydrophobic __.

tails

The fluid outside cells is called __ fluid.

extracellular

The fluid inside cells is called __ (cytosol).

intracellular

The three compartments for water in the body are intracellular, extracellular, and __.

transcellular

Normal body temperature is approximately __ °C.

37

When cold, vasoconstriction reduces __ by decreasing blood flow.

heat loss

Males have higher __ leading to increased metabolism.

testosterone

Two main ways the body increases heat loss are __ and sweating.

vasodilation

To decrease heat gain, the body decreases __.

metabolism

To increase heat gain, the body increases __.

metabolism

To reduce heat loss, sweating is decreased; this involves __.

sweating

Conduction is heat loss by __ with a cooler object.

touching

Convection is the movement of __ next to the body.

air

Radiation is the emission of waves from the body; this mode is called __.

radiation

Evaporation is loss of heat through the __.

skin

Sweating is the only mechanism of heat loss that can be __.

controlled

Passive transport is movement of molecules through the membrane that requires no energy and moves down the __ gradient.

concentration

Simple diffusion is movement of molecules from high to low __.

concentration

Facilitated diffusion uses a __ protein to transport molecules.

carrier

Osmosis is movement of water toward areas with higher __ concentration.

solute

Active transport requires energy, often in the form of __.

ATP

The Na+-K+ pump moves Na+ out and K+ in, using __ energy.

ATP

Secondary active transport uses energy from diffusion of a(n) __ ion.

Na+

In secondary active transport, a glucose-Na+ symporter is an example of a(n) __ transporter.

symporter

In secondary active transport, a H+‑Na+ antiporter is an example of a(n) __ transporter.

antiporter

Endocytosis includes phagocytosis, where the cell takes in particulate matter, and __, where the cell takes in fluid.

pinocytosis

Exocytosis occurs when vesicles fuse with the membrane to export materials; in animals this can include __, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes.

hormones

In plants, exocytosis is used to export __ to build the cell wall.

cell wall material