UF APK2100C Exam 4 Ch. 22, 23 Ahlgren

Functional divisions of the respiratory system

- conducting zone

- respiratory zone

Conducting zone: def, function

- respiratory passageways that carry air to the sites of gas exchange

- some structures that line their wall function to filter, humidify, and warm air

Respiratory zone: def, includes

- actual sites of gas exchange in lungs that contain alveoli

- respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs,

External nose: characteristics, made of

- only external portion of the respiratory system

- composed of cartilage and bones

Frontal bone

- considered a part of the nose

Nasal Bone

- forms bridge of the nose

Maxilla bone

- forms root of the nose; near the eyes

Septal cartilage: def, made of

- large unpaired cartilage that runs down the middle of the nose and is made from hyaline cartilage

Nasal septum: def, formed by

- wall that separates the right and left sides of the internal nasal cavity

- formed by vomer bone, perpindicular plate of ethmoid bone, and septal cartilage

External nares

- nostrils

- entrance into the nasal cavity

Vestibule

- region immediately after the external nares, containing the nasal hairs

Roof of nasal cavity is formed by...

- sphenoid and ethmoid bones

Floor of nasal cavity is formed by...

- hard and soft palate

Hard palate

- formed by the maxilla bone anteriorly and the palatine bone posteriorly

Soft palate

- located behind the hard palate and terminates as the uvula

Internal nares

- region that signifies the movement out the nasal cavity

Nasal conchae

- acts to increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity to increase contact with the nasal mucosa (to filter, humidify, and warm air)

Paranasal sinuses: def, charateristics, locations

- holes in the bones of the face and skull that form air pockets

*- lined with respiratory mucosa and continous with the nasal cavity*

- frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid

How do we get sinus infections

- excess mucous production in the paranasal sinuses which block the cavity so it is unable to drain into the internal nasal cavity to be spit out or swallowed

Olfactory mucosa: location, function

- found on the roof of the nasal cavity *on either side of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone*

- houses olfactory neurons to receive smell information

Respiratory mucosa: characteristics, tissue

- *covers majority of the nasal cavity and contains golblet cells and serous cells*

- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Serous cells

- digestive enzymes that help break down things caught in the mucous

How does cilia in the respiratory mucosa move?

- They beat posteriorly so that things caught in the mucous can move down through the nasopharynx or oropharynx to be spit out or swallowed

Rhinitis

- inflammation of the respiratory mucosa which causes increased mucous production

- consistent dripping of mucous at the back of the throat causes sore throats

Pharynx: def, regions

- funnel shaped passageway that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus

- 3 regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx: location, lined by/tissue

- sits posterior to the nasal cavity and extends from the internal nares to the uvula

- respiratory mucosa- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Pharyngotympanic tube

- leads to the Eustachian tube

- where ear infections originates

Oropharynx: location, characteristics, tissue

- region from the uvula to the epiglottis that sits behind the oral cavity

- part of the digestive system

- non-keratinized squamous epithelium

Laryngopharynx: location, characteristics, tissue

- region from the epiglottis to the esophagus; sits behind the larynx

- part of the digestive system

- non keratinized squamous epithelium

Tonsils: def, types

- lympoid type organs that helps get rid of pathogens and bacteria in the air or mouth

- pharyngeal, lingual, palatine

Pharyngeal tonsil: location

- superior, posterior wall of the nasopharynx

How do children usually obstruct their nasal cavity? What is the issue?

- swelling of the pharyngeal tonsil

- can only breath through mouth so air is not able to be filtered which increases respiratory infections

Lingual tonsil: location

- found in the oropharynx on the posterior surface of the tongue as it goes back into the throat

Palatine tonsil: location

- found in the oropharynx on the lateral walls near the uvula

Fauces

- archway made form the uvula on the same side as the palatine tonsils

Larynx: def, location

- intricate arrangement of 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments

- anchored to hyoid bone superiorly and continuous with the trachea inferiorly

Where are the 2 places air can go at the level of the larynx

- posteriorly: down esophagus into the stomach (bad)

- anteriorly: into larynx through the cartilage (good)

Functions of the larynx

- vocalizations: sounds of communications

- open airway: holds airway open with hyaline cartilage

- routing food and air to proper passageways

What happens when you swallow food/beverage?

- larynx is forced closed by epiglottis so food does not go down into trachea towards lungs but instead goes posteriorly into the esophagus

Thyroid cartilage

- largest structure of the larynx

Laryngeal prominence

- adam's apple

Cricoid

- ring of cartilage that increases in size as it moves posteriorly

Epiglottis cartilage (1)

- slanted structure that sits superior to the thyroid and is made from elastic cartilage

Vocal cords: types

- vestibular folds

- vocal folds

Vestibular folds

- top vocal cords

- false vocal cords- do not produce sounds

Vocal Folds

- lower vocal cords

- true vocal cords- do produce sounds by opening and closing as well as stretching them out to change the sound of the air coming through them

Arytenoid cartilages: function, characteristics

- helps change the placement of the vocal chords to get different sounds

- left and right attach to a true vocal cord

Rimaglottis

- slit between the 2 vocal folds that is formed by the changing position of the arytenoid cartilages

Glottis: composed of

- Rimaglottis + vocal folds

Trachea: def/composed of, location

- downward continuation of the larynx made from c shaped hyaline cartilage

- underneath the cricoid cartilages

Trachea bifurcates into the _________

- left and right primary bronchi

Carina: def, tissue/ function

- point of bifurcation of the trachea

- sensitive epithelial tissue that triggers coughing when irritated

Trachealis

- strip of smooth muscle that connects the ends of the trachea's c shaped rings

Walls of the trachea

- mucosa, submucosa, adventitia

Mucosa of trachea: def/tissue, function

- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the wall of the trachea

- catches particles in air on the walls; cilia helps the particles move up into oropharynx to be swallowed or spit out

Submucosa: def/location, function

- lining of the tracheal wall superficial to the mucosa

-* contains seromucous glands and produces digestive enzymes*

Adventitia

- connective tissue wrapped around the hyaline cartilage on the outside of the trachea

Tracheotomy: performed when, def

- performed when the airway is blocked

- incision between 2nd and 3rd cartilage rings to insert a breathing tube

Right and left lungs are composed of how many lobes

-Right lung: 3 lobes- superior, middle, and inferior -Left lung: 2 lobes- superior and inferior

Right and Left primary bronchi

-branches of the carina

Lobar/Secondary bronchi: def, characteristics

- bronchi formed from the bifurcation of the primary bronchus

*- one goes to each lobe*

Segmental/tertiary bronchi

- branches of bronchi from the lobar bronchi

Bronchioles

< 1 mm in diameter

Terminal bronchioles

< 1/2 mm in diameter

Connective tissue changes throughout the respiratory system

- c shaped cartilage at trachea--> cartilage rings at primary bronchi--> plates --> no cartilage at bronchioles

Epithelial changes throughout the respiratory system

- mucous membrane thins out and there is no mucous in bronchioles

- shapes of cells get smaller as you approach the alveoli

Smooth muscle changes throughout the respiratory system

- smooth muscle increases approaching the bronchioles

- muscle thins as you approach terminal bronchioles

- disappears at alveoli

Alveoli: def/tissues, characteristics, cells

- little sacs of simple squamous epithelium

- vascular stretchy structures, covered with capillaries and elastic fibers

- contains type 1 and type 2 cells

Type 1 cells

- simple squamous epithelium and elastic fibers

Type 2 cells

- secrete surfactant

Respiratory bronchioles

- marks the beginning of the respiratory zone and contains alveoli

Alveolar ducts

- part after the respiratory bronchioles that run down the middle of the alveolar sacs

Alveolar sacs

- big cluster of alveoli

Alveolar pore

- attaches each individual alveoli to one another for communication

Respiratory membrane

- strips of tissues/cells that gas exchange occurs across

Surfactant

- liquid substance that coats the inside of the alveolus and prevents the walls of the alveoli from sticking together

What happens to the alveoli during inhalation and exhalation? What is the potential problem?

- during inhalation the alveoli stretch out and get larger

- during exhalation the walls shrink back

- if the alveolar walls touch some water droplets then the droplets will come together and cause the alveolus to collapse; surfactant prevents this

Macrophage

- alveolar dust cell that migrates between pores looking for pathogens and particles to phagocytose

Mucous escalator

- brings particles up out of the lower regions of the lungs

Fused basement membrane

- connective tissue between the capillary wall and alveolar wall that fuses them together

- O2 and CO2 diffuse across this barrier

Bronchopulmonary segments: def, characteristics, supplied by

- segments on the lungs that lobes are further broken down into

- each lung contains 10

- supplied by the segmental/ tertiary bronchi

Function of the bronchopulmonary segments

- separates alveolar sacs and blood vessels so that if a chunk of lung is lost it is not fatal

Lung Lobules: def, supplied by

- scale like divisions of the lungs surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue

- *each lobule is supplied by 1 bronchiole*

Lung root

- vessels that pass into and out of the lungs

Lung Hilum/hilus

- area on the medial surface of the lung that contains the root

Pleura: def, layers

- membrane surrounding the left and right lung each

- visceral and parietal layers

Visceral Pleura

- layer that touches the lung

Parietal Pleura

- layer that touches the body wall

Pleural space

- space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura that contains serous fluid

Serous fluid: def, function

- slippery fluid that is secreted by both layers of the pleura into the pleural space

- decreases friction as the lungs expand and recoil

How are the lungs held open?

- the negative pressure within the pleural cavity which is lower than the atmospheric pressure

Pnemothorax

- equilibrium of the negative pressure in the pleural cavity and the atmospheric pressure which causes the lung to collapse

- why a pleura around each lung is necessary

How does air travel in the respiratory system?

- external nose, internal nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, right/left primary bronchus, lobar/secondary bronchus, segmental/tertiary bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

Functions of the Digestive system

- food consumption (mouth)

- digestion of food into nutrient molecules

- Absorption of nutrients into blood

- Elimination of wastes

Where does the digestive system start and end

- Starts in the oral cavity and ends at the anus

Digestive system is grouped into the

- Alimentary canal (GI tract)

- Accessory Digestive organs

Alimentary Canal (GI): def, includes

- any organ that is apart of the muscular tube structure

- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Accessory Digestive Organs: def, includes

- any organ that puts something into the GI tract or helps with physical breakdown

- teeth, salivary glands, pancreas

Ingestion

- putting food/drink in mouth

Mechanical breakdown

- chewing, churning (in stomach), and segmentation (small intestine)