Ruminant nutrition

What are the three steps in obtainign nutrients

Ingestion

digestion

absorption

What is ingestion

taking food into the body

what is digestion

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

what is absorption

passage of nutrients from digestive tract to bloodstream

monogastric vs ruminant

What are the two parts of ruminant ingestion

oral anatomy and mechanical digestion

What is part of oral anatomy

prehensile tongue

dental pad

What is apart of mechanical digestion

4 mechanical facotors of digestion

4 phasses of rumination

What are the 4 mechanical factors involved in ruminant digestion

mastication

degluttination

rumination

eructation

what is mastication

grinding of roughage and concentrate

what is deglutition

swallowing of partially ground cud

what is rumination

chewing of cud

occurs in 4 phases: regurgitation, remastication, reinsalivation, redeglutition

what is eructation

elimination of CO2 and CH4 from GI tract

What is regurgitation

reentry of cud, the liquid portion from reticulum to mouth

what is remastication

regrinding of the cud

what is reinsalivation

additional salivary secretion to the bolus

what is redeglutition

reswallowing of the bolus from the nouth into oesophagus

what are the four phases of rumination

regurgitation

remastication

reinsalivation

redeglutition

What does ruminants ingest

forages and concentrates

What is included in forages

Grass/alfalfa: hay or fresh pasture

silage

What is included in concentrates

non-forage nutrient sources

Cereal grain, protein supplements, by-products

What anatomy is included in fermentative digestion

rumen

reticulum

omasum

large intestines

what anatomy is included with enzymatic digestion

abomasum

small intestines

What is ruminant digestion

microbial digestion

what are the 5 primary nutrients

protein

carbohydrates

fats

water

mineral and vitamins

What happens in the omasum

absorption of VFA, H2O, Minerals and electrolytes

What happens in the abomasum

Gastric enzymes and HCL are absorbed

What happens in the Small intestine

nutrient absorption

what happens in the large intestine

water absorption and caecal fermentation

What happens in the rumen

feed degradation

are protein requirements set?

no, they vary

What do protein requirements very with

animal weight

level of production

What is crude protein

quanity of N

indicates if a feed will satisfy animal’s protein needs

NOT a protein

rumen microbes synthesize ______ _____ from all nitrogen containing substances ingested

microbial protein

how much CP should be natural protein

2/3

how much CP should be non-protein nitrogen

no more than 1/3

Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) should not constitute more than how much of the diet

2%

bacteria contains what percent of proteins

65%

What are the two proteins needed to meet requirement

true protein and NPN

what % utilizes ammonia as N source for growth

>80a%

What are the two types of carbohydrates

structural

non-structural

what is structural carbohydrates

fermented by microorganisms

What are examples of structural carbohydrates

fiber: cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pectin

what is non-structural carbohydrate

digested by enzymes

what are examples of non-structural carbohydrates

concentrates; sugar and starches

What does rumen bacteria break down

fatty acids: hydrolysis and hydrogenation

What are fats for

liver synthesis

SI absorption

what is the dry matter formula

DM content + moisture content = 100% fresh weight feedstuff

ruminants consume a predictable quantity of DM per day when what

feed readily available

on average, cattle will eat what % of their bpdy weight in dry matter each day

2-3%

What four measurements are included in a forage analysis

neutral detergent fiber: NDF

neutral detergent solubles: NDS

Acid Detergent Fiber: ADF

Total digestible Nutrients: TDN