Studied by 2 people
Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems
What are the levels of organization?
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue mainly made up of skin; used for protection
Connective Tissue
Tissue that binds epithelial tissue to structures
Nervous tissue
Tissue that sends and receives nerve impulses
Homeostasis
Describes the relatively constant internal conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in the internal and external environments.
Feedback inhibition
A process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus, a generally very stable mechanism of control.
Digestive System
Converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body for energy.
Excretory System
Includes the skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys; and excretes metabolic waste from the body.
Ammonia
One of the most toxic waste compounds produced by living things
Skin
Removes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea in sweat
Lungs
Carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, is exhaled by the _____
Liver
Converts dangerous nitrogen-based wastes into urea (less toxic)
Kidneys
Remove excess water, urea, and metabolic wastes from the blood
Circulatory System
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body, and it removes wastes from tissues
Right side of heart
Pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary artery from the heart to the lungs through pulmonary circulation
Left side of heart
Pumps oxygen-rich blood through the aorta to the rest of the body through systemic circulation
Arteries
Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels so small that blood cells can pass through in single file; thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to diffuse into tissues and carbon dioxide in
Veins
Return blood to the heart coming from capillaries
Atria (Upper chambers)
Receive blood
Ventricles (Lower chambers)
Pump blood
It has to pump blood to the rest of the body
Why does the cardiac muscle tissue appear thicker in the lower part of the heart?
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells; transport oxygen; produced in bone marrow
Leukocytes
White blood cells; fight infection
Red
Most blood cells are ___ blood cells.
Lymphatic System
A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that recycles fluids from tissues and plays a role in nutrient absorption and immunity
Respiratory System
Picks up oxygen from the air we inhale and releases carbon dioxide as we exhale. In the lungs, gas exchange takes place and oxygen enters the circulatory system.
Nervous System
Collects information about the internal and external environment, processes that information, and responds to it by sending messages in the form of electrical signals called impulses through neurons.
Sensory Neurons
Carry impulses from sense organs to CNS
Motor Neurons
Carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands
Interneurons
Process information and send commands to other interneurons or motor neurons
Action potential
When a neuron is stimulated beyond a threshold, the resting electrical potential of the membrane changes, inducing a nerve impulse called _____ _______
Central Nervous System
Nervous Sytem: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous Sytem
Nervous System: rest of body
Skeletal System
Made up of 206 bones supports the body, protects internal organs, assists in movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation
Bone
Living tissue made up of a solid network of cells and protein fibers surrounded by deposits of calcium salts
No
Are bones a solid, dense thing?
Joint
A place where two or more bones meet each other and connective tissues hold bones together while permitting bones to move without damaging each other
Muscular System
Responsible for movement of the body and consists of three different types of tissue specialized for different functions: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
They both have stripes
What do cardiac and skeletal muscles have in common?
Sarcomeres
Muscle fiber units called ___________
Actin and Myosin
Sarcomeres contain filaments composed of proteins:
Integumentary System
Made up of skin and its related structures (hair, nails, and glands) helps to regulate body temperature, serves as a barrier against infection and injury, removes waste, gathers sensory information, and produces vitamin D
Endocrine System
Contains glands that produce and release hormones that travel through the blood and control the actions of cells, tissues, and organs. The system helps regulate mood and metabolism, tissue function, growth and development, and reproductive processes
Disease
An abnormal condition that harms an organism
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
Who proposed the Germ Theory of Disease?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, and other pathogens
Infectious diseases are caused by:
Skin, tears, inflammatory response, and fever
Nonspecific defenses:
B cells and T cells
The main working cells of the immune response
Humoral immunity
Depends on the action of antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph
Cell-mediated immunity
Defends the body against some viruses, fungi, and single-celled pathogens
Virus
A nonliving particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that reproduce only by infecting living cells
RNA
Do viruses contain more RNA or DNA?
Capsid
Protein coat that surrounds a virus
Lytic and Lysogenic
Types of viral infections:
Parasites
All viruses are _______
Prokaryotes
Small, simple, unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and are classified into two domains: Bacteria or Archaea; Most are single-celled
Bacteria
Usually surrounded by a cell wall; contains peptidoglycan, a polymer of sugars and amino acids
Archaea
Its cell walls lack peptidoglycan, membranes contain a different lipid, and DNA sequence is more similar to eukaryotes than Bacteria
Asexually, binary fission
Most prokaryotes reproduce _____ by the process of ____ _____
Conjugation
The exchange of genetic information horizontally; used by Prokaryotes
Emerging disease
A previously unknown disease that appears in a population for the first time or a well-known disease that suddenly becomes harder to control
Protists
The first Eukaryotes; non members of the plant, animal, or fingu kingdoms; most are single-celled
Alternation of generations
Reproduction cycle that combines asexual and sexual forms of reproduction; used by Protists
Food chain
Protists are at the base of the _____ _____
Fungi
Heterotrophic eukaryotes with cell walls that contain chitin
Chitin
A polymer made of modified sugars that is also found in the external skeleton of insects
No
Are fungi plants?
