Patho Exam 3 SG Flashcards

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage (Ca & phosphate), blood cell production, and fat storage.

What cells are responsible for bone remodeling?

Osteoblasts build bone; osteoclasts break down bone.

What hormones regulate bone growth?

Growth hormone, thyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, estrogen, and testosterone.

What is scoliosis?

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

What are common symptoms of scoliosis?

Uneven shoulders/hips, back pain, rib prominence.

What is a sprain?

Ligament injury.

What is a strain?

Muscle or tendon injury.

What is bursitis?

Inflammation of a bursa.

What is tendonitis?

Inflammation of a tendon.

What is a dislocation?

Bone completely displaced from a joint.

What is a subluxation?

Partial joint displacement.

What are the main fracture types?

Open, closed, transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, greenstick, impacted, stress, compression.

What are the stages of fracture healing?

Hematoma → Soft callus → Hard callus → Bone remodeling.

How are fractures treated?

Immobilization, reduction, casting, traction, ORIF surgery, pain control.

What is compartment syndrome?

Increased pressure in a muscle compartment causing decreased blood flow.

What are the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome?

Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, Poikilothermia.

What is osteomyelitis?

Bone infection (usually bacterial).

Manifestations of osteomyelitis?

Fever, bone pain, swelling, redness.

Treatment for osteomyelitis?

IV antibiotics ± surgery.

What is osteonecrosis?

Death of bone tissue due to poor blood supply.

What is osteopenia?

Mild decrease in bone density.

What is osteoporosis?

Severe loss of bone density causing fractures.

Risk factors for osteoporosis?

Aging, menopause, inactivity, smoking, low calcium/Vit D

Treatment for osteoporosis?

Calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, bisphosphonates.

What is osteoarthritis?

Degenerative "wear-and-tear" joint disease.

Symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Pain worsens with activity, stiffness after rest, decreased ROM.

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Autoimmune inflammatory joint disease.

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Bilateral joint pain, morning stiffness >30 minutes, swelling.

Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

NSAIDs, corticosteroids, DMARDs, biologics.

Main function of the endocrine system?

Regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis using hormones.

What is a hormone?

Chemical messenger released into the bloodstream.

What is negative feedback?

Hormone release stops once normal levels are reached.

What is positive feedback?

Hormone release increases until an event occurs.

Example of positive feedback?

Oxytocin during labor.

Hypothalamus function?

Controls the pituitary gland.

Pituitary gland function?

Controls target endocrine glands.

Primary endocrine disorder?

Problem in target gland.

Secondary endocrine disorder?

Problem in pituitary.

Tertiary endocrine disorder?

Problem in hypothalamus.

What is hypopituitarism?

Decreased pituitary hormone production.

Symptoms of hypopituitarism?

Fatigue, weight loss, low BP, infertility.

Hyperthyroidism symptoms?

Weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, anxiety.

Hypothyroidism symptoms?

Weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, constipation.

Addison disease cause?

Low cortisol from adrenal insufficiency.

Addison disease symptoms?

Hypotension, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyperkalemia

Cushing disease cause?

Excess cortisol.

Cushing disease symptoms?

Moon face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, hyperglycemia

Difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 = no insulin production; Type 2 = insulin resistance.

Classic diabetes symptoms?

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia.

Long-term complications of diabetes?

Neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease.

What is osmosis?

Water moves toward higher solute concentration.

What is diffusion?

Solutes move from high to low concentration.

Isotonic solution effect?

No net fluid movement.

Hypotonic solution effect?

Water enters cells.

Hypertonic solution effect?

Water leaves cells.

What is edema?

Excess fluid in tissues.

Signs of edema?

Swelling, weight gain, pitting edema.

Treatment for edema?

Diuretics, elevate limbs, reduce sodium.

Which hormone retains sodium and water?

Aldosterone.

Which hormone retains water only?

ADH.

What stimulates thirst?

Increased osmolality.

Hyponatremia symptoms?

Confusion, headache, seizures.

Hypernatremia symptoms?

Thirst, confusion, weakness.

Hypokalemia symptoms?

Muscle weakness, arrhythmias, constipation.

Hyperkalemia symptoms?

Muscle weakness and life-threatening arrhythmias.

Three ways the body regulates pH?

Buffers, lungs, kidneys.

Normal pH?

7.35–7.45.

Normal PaCO₂?

35–45 mmHg.

Normal HCO₃⁻?

22–26 mEq/L.

Respiratory acidosis cause?

CO₂ retention.

Respiratory alkalosis cause?

Hyperventilation.

Metabolic acidosis cause?

Low bicarbonate.

Metabolic alkalosis cause?

High bicarbonate.

Components of blood?

Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, platelets.

Function of RBCs?

Transport oxygen.

Function of WBCs?

Fight infection.

Function of platelets?

Blood clotting.

Normal hemoglobin?

Female: 12–16 g/dL; Male: 14–18 g/dL.

Normal hematocrit?

Female: 36–46%; Male: 42–52%

Normal WBC count?

4,500–11,000/mm³.

Normal platelet count?

150,000–400,000/mm³.

Blood type universal donor?

O negative.

Universal recipient?

AB positive.

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction cause?

ABO incompatibility.

Symptoms of acute hemolytic reaction?

Fever, chills, back pain, hypotension, hemoglobinuria.

First intervention for transfusion reaction?

Stop the transfusion immediately.

Anaphylactic transfusion reaction symptoms?

Wheezing, hypotension, airway swelling.

Leukocytosis?

Elevated WBC count.

Common causes of leukocytosis?

Infection, inflammation, stress.

Neutropenia?

Low neutrophil count.

Major risk with neutropenia?

Severe infection.

Blood loss anemia cause?

Acute or chronic bleeding.

Sickle cell anemia cause?

Genetic HbS mutation.

Sickle cell symptoms?

Pain crises, anemia, organ damage.

Leukemia?

Cancer of blood-forming tissues.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Cancer of lymphocytes.

Normal adult heart rate?

60–100 bpm.

Normal blood pressure?

Less than 120/80 mmHg.

What regulates blood pressure?

Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, RAAS, ADH, SNS.

Hypertension definition?

Persistently elevated blood pressure.