1.3 Carbon & the Chemistry of Life

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20 Terms

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Carbon

  • 4 valence electrons

  • tetravalence - 4 covalent bonds

  • carbon can make many complex things

<ul><li><p>4 valence electrons</p></li><li><p>tetravalence - 4 covalent bonds</p></li><li><p>carbon can make many complex things</p></li></ul>
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Carbon Stability

  • NOT electronegative → can make non-polar mlc.(have balanced charge throughout molecule)

  • Hydrocarbons - compounds made entirely of carbon & hydrogen

    • hydrophobic

    • carbon-carbon bonds are very strong

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Chemistry of life (what chemicals make up life)

CHONP(S)

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Functional Groups

  1. Hydroxyl

  2. Sulfhydryl

  3. Methyl

  4. Carbonyl

  5. Carboxyl

  6. Amino

    1. Phosphate

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Hydroxyl

  • polar

  • hydrophilic (bc oxygen’s electronegativity)

req.

  • has OH

<ul><li><p>polar</p></li><li><p>hydrophilic (bc oxygen’s electronegativity)</p></li></ul><p>req.</p><ul><li><p>has OH</p></li></ul>
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Sulfhydryl

  • polar

  • hydrophilic (Sulfur is electronegative)

req.

  • has S & H

<ul><li><p>polar</p></li><li><p>hydrophilic (Sulfur is electronegative)</p></li></ul><p>req.</p><ul><li><p>has S &amp; H</p></li></ul>
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Methyl [group]

  • non-polar

  • hydrophobic (no electroneg. elements)

req.

  • has H & C

<ul><li><p>non-polar</p></li><li><p>hydrophobic (no electroneg. elements)</p></li></ul><p>req.</p><ul><li><p>has H &amp; C</p></li></ul>
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Carbonyl

  • polar

  • hydrophilic (bc oxygen electroneg.)

req.

  • central C & O

  • bound to 2 organic side grps

  • double bond to O increases polarity

<ul><li><p>polar</p></li><li><p>hydrophilic (bc oxygen electroneg.)</p></li></ul><p>req.</p><ul><li><p>central C &amp; O</p></li><li><p>bound to 2 organic side grps</p></li><li><p>double bond to O increases polarity</p></li></ul>
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Carboxyl

  • like a carbonyl + hydroxyl = carboxyl

  • charged, ionized to release H+ → acidic

req.

  • O & OH bound to same central C

note

  • hydrogen may be missing (released) and OH → O-

<ul><li><p>like a carbonyl + hydroxyl = carboxyl</p></li><li><p>charged, ionized to release H+ → <strong>acidic</strong></p></li></ul><p>req.</p><ul><li><p>O &amp; OH bound to same central C</p></li></ul><p>note</p><ul><li><p>hydrogen may be missing (released) and OH → O-</p></li></ul>
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Amino

  • charged, accepts H+ to form NH3+

  • basic

req.

  • anything with an N w/ only single bonds

note

  • an amino may have an N+ (single) bonded to 3 R groups and 1 H

<ul><li><p>charged, accepts H+ to form NH3+</p></li><li><p><strong>basic</strong></p></li></ul><p>req.</p><ul><li><p>anything with an N w/ <strong>only</strong> single bonds</p></li></ul><p>note</p><ul><li><p>an amino may have an N+ (single) bonded to 3 R groups and 1 H</p></li></ul>
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Phosphate

  • acidic; releases H+ and is charged

req.

  • has a P

note

  • H may be missing (released) so OH → O-

<ul><li><p>acidic; releases H+ and is charged</p></li></ul><p>req.</p><ul><li><p>has a P</p></li></ul><p>note</p><ul><li><p>H may be missing (released) so OH → O-</p></li></ul>
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BPQ

The properties of an amino acid is determined by its R group. The R group for the amino acid alanine is a methyl group. Where are you likely to find this amino acid?

Methyl is non-polar, so alanine will be found somewhere without water b/c it’s hydrophobic!

<p>Methyl is non-polar, so alanine will be found somewhere without water b/c it’s hydrophobic!</p>
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Macromolecules

  • large mlc. composed mostly of covalently bonded atoms

4 Types

  1. Carbohydrates

  2. Lipids

  3. Proteins

  4. Nucleic Acids

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Polymers

a mlc. consisting of repeating subunits (monomers)

<p>a mlc. consisting of repeating subunits (monomers)</p>
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Hydrolysis

process of breaking polymers into monomers by adding water

hydro = water

lysis = break down

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Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

process of removing water (dehydration) from monomers to create a polymer

dehydration = remove water

synthesis = creation

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Carbohydrates

Monomer: monosaccharides

Polymer: polysaccharides

Bond Name: glycosidic bond

Elements: CHO

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Proteins

Monomer: Amino Acids

Polymer: polypeptide

Bond Name: peptide bond

Elements: CHON(S)

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Nucleic Acid

Monomer: nucleotide

Polymer: DNA, RNA

Bond Name: phosphodiester bond

Elements: CHONP

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Lipids

Monomer: n/a

Polymer: n/a

Bond Name: n/a

Elements: CHO(P)

  • lipids don’t really make big polymers