Grade 10 IB science exam ( Biology)

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What are the 3 principals of cell theory

1. living things are composed of one or more cells
2. The life functions of an organism are carried out by its cell or cells
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and have membrane bound organelles, Prokaryotic doesn't.

Describe chromosomes

DNA tightly coiled around protein

Describe a gene

a section of DNA in which the code for a protein is located

Describe DNA

"Blue print" of cell; all genetic information

What is a nucleotide?

Nitrogen base + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and phosphate group

What does DNA stand for

deoxyribonucleic acid

What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

How do the nitrogen bases pair up?

A-T
C-G

Why do cells undergo cell division?

Growth, repair & replacement of worn out or damaged cells, asexual reproduction

What are the four stages of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What happens during prophase

chromosomes condense and spindle fibers form

What happens during metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens during anaphase?

The chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell

What happens during telophase

Chromosomes uncoil, spindle microtubules break down, nuclear envelope reforms.

Describe what happens during cytokinesis

Cell membrane and cytoplasm split in two

What are characteristics of cancer cells

Divide when they shouldn't
Invade surrounding tissues
Move to other locations in the body

Why is peristalsis important in the overall functioning of the digestive system?

Propels food down the esophagus

Why are salivary glands important?

- for speech
- enzymes for breaking down food
- bacteria allows for digestion
- fights against infections

Why is Villi important in the small intestine?

greatly increasing the surface area for food absorption and adding digestive secretions

What are the main components of blood?

plasma, white blood cells, platelets

Where is hemoglobin found?

red blood cells

Why is hemoglobin important?

carries oxygen to the body

What are the three types of blood vessels

arteries, veins, capillaries

Describe plasma

A fluid part of the blood in which the red and white blood cells and platelets flow.

Describe white blood cells

It is associated with the immune system. It rids the body of foreign materials and destroys disease causing germs.

Describe red blood cells

Red blood cells general functions are to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. They're responsible for the red color in blood. It also contains hemoglobin.

Describe platelets

formed in bone marrow, instrumental in blood clotting

What are characteristics of arteries

They have thick walls and small lumen

What are characteristics of veins

Carries blood back to the heart to be oxygenated, low pressure

What are the characteristics of capillaries

- Extremely small
- Carry blood very close to every cell to exchange substances
- Permeable walls for diffusion
- One cell thick, increasing rate of diffusion by decreasing distance

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs

alveoli

What is responsible for protecting the lungs and keeping them moist

Pleural membranes

What are the key structural feathers of the resolutely system

A large surface area for gas exchange and a breathing system for bringing oxygen rich air into the lungs

What reactants are required for aerobic cellular respiration

6 oxygen and 1 glucose

What is the function of the respiratory system

Carries nutrients and waste, transports dissolved gases, and regulated body temperature

What is the blood flow through the pulmonary circuit

Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

Which blood vessel normally contains the highest concentration of oxygen

Arteries

The trachea is a semi rigid structure surrounded by rings of...

Cartilage

Where does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

compare the parent cell and the daughter cell in terms of chromosomes

Mitosis creates two identical daughter cells that each contain the same number of chromosomes as their parent cell.

What are the levels of organization of life

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Describe a cell in terms of the organization of life

the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed

Describe tissue in terms of the organization of life

it consists of a group of structurally and functionally similar cells and their intercellular material.

Describe organs in terms of the organization of life

collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function.

Describe organ systems in terms of the organization of life

a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs.

Describe an organism in terms of the organization of life

a complete living system capable of conducting all of life's biological processes

What are the different types of tissue

muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous

What is the role of muscle tissue

contracts to produce movement

What is the role of epithelial tissue

Cover and protect body surfaces and internal organs

What is the role of connective tissue

supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body

What is the role of nervous tissue

Sends signals around your body