Hematology and Phlebotomy Vocabulary Review

Flashcards covering essential vocabulary, maturation stages, inclusion descriptions, test methods, and coagulation concepts from the lecture notes.

Erlich's Method

Also known as the Cover Glass Technique for blood film preparation, utilizing $22 \times 22\text{ mm}$ cover slips and $1 \times 3\text{ inch}$ glass slides.

Snowplow Effect

The presence of more than four times the number of WBCs per field at the lateral edges of a blood film compared with the monolayer area.

Low Power Objective (10X)

Microscope objective providing $100\times$ total magnification used to assess overall blood film quality, color, cell distribution, locate rare abnormal WBCs, and detect fibrin strands or the snowplow effect.

High Power Objective (40X)

Microscope objective providing $400\times$ total magnification used to assess RBC morphology and estimate total WBC count.

Oil Immersion Objective (50X)

Microscope objective used to examine nuclear details of WBCs, perform actual WBC differential tabulation, estimate platelets, and confirm abnormal cells.

C-TAILS

A mnemonic representing causes of microcytic, hypochromic anemia: Chronic blood loss, Thalassemia, Anemia of chronic disease, Iron deficiency anemia, Lead poisoning, and Sideroblastic anemia.

Hepcidin

A hormone produced by the liver that negatively regulates body iron levels by binding and inactivating ferroportin, inhibiting iron entry into circulation.

Retrogression

The process of replacing active red bone marrow with yellow adipocytes as an individual matures.

RSVP

A mnemonic representing the restricted sites of active red marrow in an adult: Sternum, Vertebrae, Scapulae, Pelvis, Ribs, Skull, and Proximal portion of long bones.

Pyrenocyte

An extruded RBC nucleus surrounded by a small rim of cytoplasm that is removed and phagocytosed by bone marrow macrophages or osteoclasts.

Pitting

A splenic mechanism where macrophages remove inclusion bodies or damaged surface membrane from circulating RBCs without destroying the cell itself.

Culling

A splenic mechanism in which senescent or abnormal RBCs are completely phagocytosed and degraded.

Dawn of Neutrophilia

The neutrophilic myelocyte stage of maturation, characterized by the initial appearance of secondary granules.

Juvenile Cell

An alternative terminology for the metamyelocyte stage in neutrophilic maturation.

Stab Cell

An alternative terminology for the band cell stage in neutrophilic maturation.

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

A disorder caused by NADPH oxidase deficiency leading to the inability of phagocytes to produce superoxide and reactive oxygen species, demonstrating a negative (yellow) Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) Reduction Test.

Drabkin's Reagent

A cyanmethemoglobin testing solution containing Potassium Ferricyanide, Potassium Cyanide, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Surfactant.

Dithionite Tube Test

A screening test for Hemoglobin S (HbS) that utilizes saponin to lyse RBCs and sodium dithionite as a reducing agent to induce a deoxygenated environment, yielding turbidity in positive samples.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

A condition caused by a mutation in the PIGA gene that results in deficient CD55 and CD59 surface proteins, making RBCs susceptible to complement-mediated nocturnal hemolysis.

May-Hegglin Anomaly

An autosomal disorder characterized by leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, giant platelets, and spindle-shaped mRNA cytoplasmic inclusions caused by a mutation in the MYH9 gene.

Fibrinogen Group

Coagulation factors I, V, VIII, and XIII, which are consumed during coagulation, absent in serum, storage-labile (V and VIII), and function as acute-phase reactants.

Prothrombin Group

Vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X that require \text{\gamma}-carboxylation for activation and are inhibited by Warfarin.

Contact Group

Coagulation factors XI, XII, Prekallikrein, and High Molecular Weight Kininogen (HMWK), which are not consumed during clotting and remain stable in serum.

Forward Light Scatter (FS)

An optical measurement in flow cytometry derived from light diffraction that correlates directly with cell size or cell volume.

Side Light Scatter (SS)

An optical measurement in flow cytometry derived from refraction and reflection that correlates with internal cellular complexity or cytoplasmic granularity.

Hydrodynamic Focusing

A technique using sheath fluid in automated cell counters and flow cytometers to align blood cells into a single-file stream, preventing cell coincidence.