Test Review and Key Concepts in Early American History

Columbus Journey

Voyage that initiated European exploration of Americas.

Columbian Trade

Exchange of goods between Europe and Americas.

Aztecs

Mesoamerican civilization known for conquest and tribute.

Pueblo Revolt

1680 uprising against Spanish colonization in New Mexico.

Roanoke Settlement

Failed English colony established in 1585.

13 Colonies

British territories along the eastern coast of America.

Characteristics of Colonies

Factors like agriculture and religion defining colony life.

Puritans

Religious group seeking to purify Church of England.

Pilgrims

Separatists who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.

Tobacco in Jamestown

Cash crop that ensured economic survival of colony.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 revolt against Virginia government by settlers.

Women's Rights

Limited rights and roles for women in early America.

Salem Witch Trials

1692 series of hearings on witchcraft in Massachusetts.

The Great Awakening

Religious revival movement in the 18th century.

George Whitfield

Prominent preacher during the Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

Theologian known for fire-and-brimstone sermons.

Population Diversity

Variety of ethnic and cultural backgrounds in colonies.

The Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism.

Indentured Servants

Laborers contracted for a fixed term in exchange for passage.

Slave Laws

Regulations governing the treatment and rights of slaves.

Black Majority in South Carolina

Significant African population in colonial South Carolina.

Slavery Differences North vs South

Varied practices and economic roles of slavery.

Slave Rebellion in New York

1712 uprising against slavery in New York City.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Transatlantic trade of enslaved Africans to Americas.

Seven Years War

Global conflict impacting colonial relations with Britain.

Stamp Act

1765 tax on printed materials in the colonies.

Quartering Act

Law requiring colonists to house British soldiers.

Sugar Act

1764 tax on sugar and molasses imported to colonies.

Boston Massacre

1770 confrontation leading to deaths of colonists.

Boston Tea Party

1773 protest against British tea tax.

Sons of Liberty

Group opposing British taxation and policies.

Coercive Acts

1774 punitive laws passed by British Parliament.

Thomas Paine

Author of 'The American Crisis' advocating independence.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point battle in the American Revolutionary War.

Yorktown

Final battle leading to British surrender in 1781.

Princeton and Trenton Battles

Key victories boosting American morale during the war.

Valley Forge

Winter encampment of Washington's army, 1777-78.

Diseases from Indigenous People

Indigenous populations exposed Europeans to new diseases.

Cortez's Victory

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521.

Tenochtitlan

Aztec capital city, now Mexico City.

Tribute

Gifts or goods given for protection.

Human Sacrifice

Religious offering to appease Aztec gods.

Emperor

Supreme ruler viewed as a god.

Hernán Cortés

Spanish explorer who led conquest of Aztecs.

Montezuma

Aztec emperor during Spanish arrival.

Tlaxcalans

Enemies of Aztecs who aided Spanish.

Smallpox

Disease that devastated Aztec population.

Fall of Tenochtitlan

Spanish conquest completed in 1521.

North American Societies

240 diverse societies by 1492.

Kinship Groups

Clans forming larger tribal structures.

Warrior Ethic

Cultural value emphasizing strength in battle.

Gender Roles

Men hunted; women managed home and crops.

Hohokam

Ancient civilization in the Southwest.

Anasazi

Cliff-dwelling Native American culture.

Pueblo

Cliffside villages of the Southwest.

Haida

Northwest tribe known for fishing.

Nootka

Tribe engaged in whaling.

Adena

Early mound-building society in North America.

Hopewell

Contemporary mound-building culture to Adena.

Mississippians

Known for extensive mound-building.

Algonquians

Eastern Woodland tribe group.

Iroquoians

Another major Eastern Woodland tribe group.

Muskogean

Tribe group in the Southeastern US.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer seeking a westward route to China.

Genoa

Columbus's birthplace in Italy.

Bahamas

First landfall of Columbus in 1492.

Indians

Term Columbus used for indigenous peoples.

Amerigo Vespucci

Explorer after whom America is named.

Roanoke Colony

First attempt at permanent English settlement.

Sir Walter Raleigh

Promoter of the Roanoke Colony.

Lost Colony

Colonists vanished from Roanoke in 1590.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers seeking wealth in the Americas.

Pueblo Revolt

1680 uprising against Spanish oppression by Pueblos.

Popé

Leader of the Pueblo Revolt against Spanish.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods between Americas and Europe.

New England Colonies

Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire.

Middle Colonies

Delaware, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey.

Bread Basket Colony

Nickname for Pennsylvania due to grain production.

Quakers

Religious group promoting peace and equality.

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania, promoting religious freedom.

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia and Maryland focused on tobacco cultivation.

Tobacco

Key cash crop for Virginia's economic success.

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in America.

Virginia's Government

Resembled England's structure, focused on landowners.

Religious Freedom

Motivation for many to leave England.

Economic Issues

Poor settlers felt ignored by wealthy elites.

Native American Attacks

Frontier settlers faced violence from tribes.

Indigenous Extermination

Caribbean Indians largely wiped out by colonists.

Spanish Reconquest

Spanish returned in 1692, allowed some Pueblo traditions.

Sacred Sites Destruction

Spanish actions angered Pueblo people leading to revolt.

12 Years of Independence

Pueblos enjoyed autonomy after successful revolt.

Gold Rush Mentality

Conquistadores sought immediate wealth, not settlement.

Religious Conflict

Motivation for migration due to European tensions.

Colonial Population Growth

Virginia's population grew to over 16,000 by 1650.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco farming to Virginia in 1614.

Economic Disparity

Wealth concentrated among elite landowners in Virginia.

Governor William Berkeley

Virginia governor criticized for neglecting frontier settlers.

MJR Attack

Major attack in 1622 killing 347 colonists.

Pueblo Traditions

Some preserved post-reconquest by Spanish.

Adventure Seekers

Many colonists motivated by desire for new experiences.