thalamus

all sensory pathways except what relay in the thalamus?

tionolfac

Internal medullary lamina

a thin, curved sheet of myelinated fibers that divides most of the thalamus into medial, lateral, and anterior groups of nuclei

principle thalamic nuclei

- Ventral group - anterior, lateral, posterior medial, posterior lateral nuclei

- Medial group - median, medial dorsal, medial nuclei

- Geniculate bodies - medial, lateral nuclei

- Anterior and reticular nuclei

relay nuclei

Receive well defined bundles of specific input fibers and project to specific areas of the cerebral cortex

association nuclei

- Project to cortical areas traditionally referred to as association areas and help in higher-order processing

- Receive major contingent of specific inputs from cerebral cortex itself

- Most likely important in the distribution and gating of information between cortical areas

Reticular Nucleus

- Projects back to other thalamic nuclei (NOT the cortex)

- Modulates thalamic activity

intralaminar nuclei

Involved in arousal and motor control

is anterior nucleus of thalamus association or relay?

association

anterior nucleus of thalamus projection and role

- projects to cingulate cortex

- memory

is dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus association or relay?

association

dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus projection and role

- projects to prefrontal cortex

- memory, abstraction

- affect, foresight

is ventroanterior nucleus of thalamus association or relay?

relay

ventroanterior nucleus of thalamus projection and role

- projects to motor cortex

- movement

is ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus association or relay?

relay

ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus projection and role

- project to premotor cortex

- motor

is ventroposterolateral nucleus of thalamus association or relay? !!!

relay

ventroposterolateral nucleus of thalamus projection and role !!!

- projects to primary somatosensory cortex

- sense from body (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception)

is ventroposteromedial nucleus of thalamus association or relay? !!!

relay

ventroposteromedial nucleus of thalamus projection and role !!!

- projects to primary somatosensory cortex

- sense from face and oral cavity

is lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus association or relay?

relay

lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus projection and role

- projects to the cingulate gyrus

- emotional and memory functions

is pulvinar complex of thalamus association or relay? !!!

association

Pulvinar Complex consists of !!!

lateral posterior and pulvinar nuclei

pulvinar complex of thalamus projection and role !!!

- projects to parietal, temporal, and occipital association areas

- coordination of vision and eye movements

is lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus association or relay? !!!

relay

lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus projection and role !!!!

- projects to primary visual cortex

- vision

is medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus association or relay? !!!

relay

medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus projection and role !!!!

- projects to primary auditory cortex

- sound

what are the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus? !!!

Centromedian and Parafascicular

Centromedian intralaminar nucleus projection and role

- putamen and motor cortex

- Sensorimotor loops (involved in movement and coordination)

parafascicular intralaminar nucleus projection and role

- projects to caudate nucleus and the prefrontal cortex

- associative-limbic loops (linked to cognition, emotion, and motivation)

what is the relatively large, round nucleus medial to VPL/VPM?

Centromedian intralaminar nucleus

parafascicular is _______ to the contromedian

medial

ventral anterior and lateral nuclei receive input from

basal nuclei and cerebellum

ventral anterior and lateral nuclei send output to

motor areas

Ventral posterolateral (VPL)

somatosensory relay nucleus for body

Ventral posteromedial (VPM)

somatosensory relay nucleus for face

VPL receives input from

medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract

VPL sends output to

somatosensory cortex

VPM receives input from

medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, central tegmental tract (taste)

VPM sends output to

somatosensory cortex and insula

dorsomedial nuclei receives input from

- prefrontal cortex

- olfactory and limbic structures

dorsomedial nuclei sends output to

prefrontal cortex

VPM receives sensory input from the face via __________ and relays it to the ________ ___________

trigeminal; postcentral gyrus

damage to VPM can lead to

contralateral loss of sensation in the face

damage to VPL can result in

contralateral sensory loss

medial geniculate receives input from

inferior colliculus

lateral geniculate receives input from

optic tract

lateral geniculate sends output to

visual cortex

medial geniculate sends output to

auditory complex

Tuberothalamic artery (from PCA) supplies

anterior thalamic regions (anterior and ventral anterior nucleus)

Paramedian branches (from PCA) supply

dorsomedial nucleus and subthalamus

Posterior choroidal arteries supply

posterior thalamus (pulvinar, LGN, MGN)

Thalamogeniculate (lateral perforating from PCA) arteries supply

VL, VPL/VPM

Anterior choroidal artery supplies

subthalamus and LGN

Internal Capsule blood supply

mostly from the lenticulostriate arteries and anterior choroidal artery

thalamus blood supply

mostly PCA

connections between thalamus and cerebral cortex

- anterior limb

- genu

- posterior limb

- retrolenticular

- sublenticular

(all good people read science)

anterior limb of internal capsule major fibers

Frontopontine, thalamocortical

anterior limb of internal capsule connects to

Prefrontal ↔ Pons/Thalamus

anterior limb of internal capsule function

Planning, emotion, cognition

Genu of internal capsule major fibers

Corticobulbar

Genu of internal capsule connects to

Motor cortex ↔ Cranial nerve nuclei

Genu of internal capsule function

Face/head motor control

posterior limb of internal capsule major fibers

Corticospinal, thalamocortical

posterior limb of internal capsule connects to

Motor/sensory cortex ↔ Spinal cord

posterior limb of internal capsule function

Motor & sensory for body

Retrolenticular of internal capsule major fibers

Optic radiations

Retrolenticular of internal capsule connects to

Thalamus ↔ Visual cortex

Retrolenticular of internal capsule function

Vision

sublenticular of internal capsule major fibers

Auditory radiations

sublenticular of internal capsule connects to

Thalamus ↔ Auditory cortex

sublenticular of internal capsule function

Hearing

Thalamic Pain Syndrome

A type of central pain that typically develops subsequent to a stroke-25% of patients who suffer stroke to the thalamus develop thalamic pain.

Thalamic Pain Syndrome usually involves what artery?

thalamogeniculate artery

Thalamic Pain Syndrome treatment

Treatment resistant; usually treated with opioids and anti-depressants