Advanced Biology Unit 2 Vocab Quiz

tight junctions

membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse

tissues

group of cells that are working together for a specific purpose.

• connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle. 

basement membrane

thin extracellular layer; below the epithelial and above connective

• anchors epithelium to connective tissue. 

squamous

thin, flattened cells, that look like scales found in the epithelial

cuboidal

cubelike cells

columnar

elongated cells

simple

singular layer of cells

stratified

two or more layers of cells

microvilli

tiny, fingerlike projections that increase surface area for absorption

• tiny cylindrical processes a

Goblet cells

secretes mucus

• epithelial cell

Merocrine gland

release fluid products by exocytosis

• salivary glands and sweat glands

Apocrine gland

lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion

• mammary glands

Holocrine gland

release entire cells

• sebaceous glands in skin

Extracellular matrix

consists of fibers and a ground substance

axons

nerve fiber; conducts an impulse away from a neuron cell body

desmosomes

bind cells by forming “spot welds” between cell membranes; reinforce structural unit;

• ex: skin

Fibroblast

cells that produce fibers in connective tissue

most common fixed cell; large star-shaped cell; produce fibers by secreting proteins into matrix

Macrophages

white blood cells; can actively move about or detach to fibers; specialized to carry phagocytosis (immunity)

Mast cells

near blood vessels; release heparin and histamine

Heparin

fast-acting medication used to prevent and treat blood clots

histamine

substance released from mast cells that prompt allergic reactions

collagen

an abundant protein source in the body and provides structural support and elasticity to connective tissues

elastin

springlike protein; provides elasticity and flexibility to various tissues in the body

adipose tissue

stores fat, cushions and insulates

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage, has fine collagen fibers, and looks like white glass.

Support, protect, and provides framework

• cells in solid gel matrix

• ends of bones, nose, walls of respiratory passage

elastic cartilage

Very flexible and has a dense network of elastic fibers

Support, protect, and provides flexible framework

• cells in solid gel matrix

• external ear and larynx

fibrocartilage

Tough tissue that is made up of colllagen fibers and cartillage cells.

Support, protect, and absorbs shock

• cells in solid gel matrix

• found between bony parts of spinal column, knee, and pelvic. 

striated muscle

muscle tissue with stripes; found in heart and skeletal muscles

epithelial membrane

thin structures that are composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

• covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.

gap junctions

form channels between cells that allow exchange of substances; link cytoplasm between cells

• ex: heart muscle 

neurons

cells responsible for the action of the nervous system

• senses changes and responds by transmitting nerve impulses to other neurons or muscles & glands.

neuroglial cells

supporting cells that support and bind components of nervous tissue. supply nutrients, cell-cell communications

serous membranes

line body cavities that do not open to the outside and reduce friction between organs and cavity walls.

mucous membranes

line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body

• nasal, oral cavities, digestive, etc.

cutaneous membranes

skin

• part of the integumentary system, in the epithelial membrane

inflammantory response

normal response to stress or injury; body releases chemicals to fight off pathogens.

immune response

resistance to a particular pathogen or toxin; body recognizes invader and begins defending.

regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue

fibrosis

replacement of destroyed tissues with firbous scar tissue

granulation tissue

new connective tissue annd tiny blood vessels that form on the surface of a wound during the healing process

tissue engineering

use of cells, enginnering materials, and biochemical factors to improve or replace bilogical functions in an a effort to advance medicine. 

synovial membrane

(lining joints) made entirely of connective tissue